1.3.1 Development of the Reproductive Systems

Question 1

How does the broad ligament form?

Answer 1

The fusion of the paramesonephric ducts from each side bring together peritoneal folds which unite and form the future broad ligament at the midline

Question 2

What is the phenotypic sex?

Answer 2

7th embyronic week through birth and into puberty

Question 3

Describe the signaling pathway between males and females

Answer 3

Question 4

What is genetic sex?

Answer 4

This is the genetic sex (XX vs XY) of the offspring and is determined at fertilization

Question 5

What is an important hormone in the migration of the testis?

Answer 5

Insulin-like growth factor 3 produced by Leydig cells

Question 6

The prostate gland forms from?

Answer 6

Urogenital sinus endoderm

Question 7

What is androgen insensitivity syndrome?

Answer 7

Question 8

What helps to move the testis through the inguinal canal?

Answer 8

Fetal hiccups or uterine contraction (increases in intraabdominal pressure)

Question 9

Describe the steroid production by the fetal ovary?

Answer 9

There is very little steroid production by the fetal ovary and it is not necessary for development of the female structures or genitalia

Question 10

What forms the distal 1/5th of the vagina?

Answer 10

Sinovaginal bulbs

Question 11

The Wolffian duct forms?

Answer 11

Epididymis, Vas deferens, ejactulatory duct and seminal vesicles

Question 12

What are some vestigial structures formed from Urogenital ducts?

Answer 12

Question 13

What will happen to oocytes if they are not surrounded by mesenchyme?

Answer 13

Undergo programmed cell death (apoptosis)

Question 14

Testosterone rescues what structures?

Answer 14

Mesonephric ducts

Question 15

What is congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

Answer 15

Question 16

Sertoli cells along with primordial germ cells will form?

Answer 16

These are the precursors to seminiferous tubules

Question 17

What is cryptorchidism?

Answer 17

Question 18

Fill in this chart

Answer 18

Question 19

In males after primordial germ cells migrate to gonadal ridge the mesenchyme migrates around it and forms what?

Answer 19

Sertoli cells

Question 20

What is Turner’s syndrome?

Answer 20

Females having only one X chromosome - typically sterile

Question 21

What are the 3 cell types that the indifferent gonads develop from?

Answer 21

Coelomic epithelium - future peritoneal cavity lining cells

Underlying mesenchyme from intermediate mesoderm - mesonephros

Primordial germ cells

Question 22

What is klinefelter’s syndrome?

Answer 22

These patients have an extra X chromosome in men - normal penis but small testicles since spermatogenesis is ususally not functional with an extra X chromosome

Question 23

The cloaca is made up of what two chambers?

Answer 23

Urogenital sinus

The rectum that is connected to GI tract

Question 24

What is gonadal sex?

Answer 24

Determined by about the 6th week of development -formation of the testis under the influence of the SRY gene

Question 25

What is hypospadias?

Answer 25

Question 26

Anti-Mullerian-Hormone is be thought as a reflection of?

Answer 26

The size of the primordial follicle pool

Question 27

What are primordial follicles?

Answer 27

Oocytes that are surrounded by flattened follicular cells

Question 28

Separation of the urogenital sinus from the rectum occurs by the formation of what three folds?

Answer 28

Superior Tourneux fold and the L & R Rathke's folds ## Footnote **Collectively forming the Urorectal septum**

Question 29

Mullerian duct developes as what?

Answer 29

Invagination of the coelomic epithelium

Question 30

What are some of the 46 XY intersex problems?

Answer 30

Question 31

Is there a difference between males and females during the first 6 weeks?

Answer 31

NO - there is no phenotypic difference

Question 32

Describe the development of the Non-gonadal Female reproductive organs?

Answer 32

Question 33

What is 5-ARD?

Answer 33

Question 34

What is the role of mesenchymal cells on ovarian development?

Answer 34

Mesenchymal cells will surround the oogonia and become follicular cells

Question 35

The Wolffian duct is associated with development of what sex?

Answer 35

Males

Question 36

The external genitalia of humans develop from what common structures?

Answer 36

Genital tubercle Cloacal fold Cloacal membrane labioscrotal swelling

Question 37

What are some of the defects that can occur in uterine development?

Answer 37

Midline septum Uterus with two horns A double uterus Double uterus and double vagina

Question 38

The paramesonephric (Müllerian) ducts form what?

Answer 38

Form the oviducts, uterus and most of the vagina

Question 39

The Mullerian duct is associated with what sex?

Answer 39

Females (Notice the top of the letter M)

Question 40

Mesenchymal in male development can also form?

Answer 40

Leydig cells

Question 41

Female germ cells in meiosis are referred to as?

Answer 41

Oocytes

Question 42

Embryonic Leydig cells produce?

Answer 42

Testosterone

Question 43

Is the X chromosome important?

Answer 43

YES! it is extremely important and life cannot happen without it

Question 44

What is 46 XX intersex?

Answer 44

Question 45

Why are primordial germ cells considered migratory cells?

Answer 45

These cells are first visible in the yolk sac near the allantois outside the embryo proper during the 4th week. These cells will proliferate and migrate over the next two weeks into the developing gonadal ridges within the embryo proper.

Question 46

What are the main roles of AMH and testosterone in male development?

Answer 46

Question 47

Describe the gonad development on the posterior abdominal wall.

Answer 47

Gonads develop from gonadal ridges on the posterior abdominal wall. Coelomic epithelium thicken and differentiate over the mesenchyme near the mesonephros forming the genital ridge. When the primordial germ cells arrive the gonadal ridge becomes the **bipotential gonad**

Question 48

What determines the sex of the next offspring?

Answer 48

The sperm will donate either an X or Y and will determine whether it is a girl or boy Females can only produce X chromosomes

Question 49

Embryonic Sertoli cells produce?

Answer 49

anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH)

Question 51

In females what is the role of the gubernaculum?

Answer 51

It guides the ovaries into the pelvis and forms the proper ligament of the ovary and the round ligament of the uterus

Question 52

Can you describe the descent of the gonads?

Answer 52

The gubernaculum!

Question 53

Primordial germ cells within the developing ovary are referred to as what?

Answer 53

Oogonia

Question 54

What are the disorders of sexual development?

Answer 54