PreTest Review Flashcards
(185 cards)
1
Q
The sex cords which contain epithelia, connective tissue, and smooth muscle come from what layer?
A
Intermediate mesoderm
2
Q
What give rise to the epithelia of distal organs of the reproductive system and external genitalia?
A
Endoderm of the urogenital sinus
3
Q
Germ cells migrate from where and are located where by week 6?
A
Yolk sac endoderm into the indifferent sex cords of the Urogenital ridge
4
Q
In males, the Urogenital sinus endoderm gives rise to epithelia of what?
A
Urethra, prostate, and bulbourethral glands
5
Q
In female, the endoderm of the urogenital sinus gives rise to what?
A
Epithelium of the lower vagina
6
Q
The paramesonephric ducts give rise to what in female?
A
Upper portion of the vagina
7
Q
The fetal portion of the placent forms from the?
A
Trophoblast
8
Q
What are syncytiotrophoblast cells?
A
Cells in direct contact with maternal tissue
9
Q
The embryo is separated from the cytotrophoblast via what?
A
Extraembryonic mesoderm
10
Q
What is a primary villus?
A
Syncytiotrophoblast with cytotrophoblast core
11
Q
What is a secondary villus?
A
Cytotrophoblast core invaded by extraembryonic mesoderm
12
Q
What is a tertiary villus?
A
Fetal blood vessels invade the mesoderm
13
Q
The wall of the allantonis forms into what?
A
The umbilical blood vessels
14
Q
What is the lineage of Spermatogenesis?
A
Spermatogonia - primary spermatocytes - secondary spematocytes - (completion of meiosis) - spermatids -(spermiogenesis) - mature sperm
15
Q
What are some of the functions of the Sertoli cells?
A
Maintenance of the blood-testis barrier Phagocytosis Secretion of ABP Inhibin Mullerian inhibiting hormone
16
Q
The seminal vesicles do what?
A
Produce fructose and other molecules that activate spermatozoa
17
Q
What does the prostate do?
A
It is a fibromuscular junction that produces the enzymes responsible for the liquefaction of the ejactulate
18
Q
The proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle is under the control of what?
A
FSH
19
Q
The secretory phase of the menstrual cycle is under the control of what?
A
LH
20
Q
What is the OB conjugate vs diagonal?
A
OB - inside of pubic symphysis Diagonal - inferior aspect of pubic symphysis
21
Q
What is the parasympathetic stimulation of the male erection?
A
Cavernous nerves and prostatic plexus (from pelvic splanchnic)
22
Q
What do Sertoli cells secrete?
A
AMH, Transferrin, Ceruloplasmin, inhibin, ABP
23
Q
What treats Stress incontinence?
A
alpha-adrenergic agonist to increase SM contraction
AGONIST
24
Q
What is the treatment of overactive bladder?
A
Anti-Muscarinic B3 to decrease parasympathetic Anti-cholinergic
25
When is the gonadal sex determined? Phenotypic?
Gonad - 6th Pheno - 7th
26
Where are the 3 locations a kidney stone can lodge?
UPJ, UVJ, and pelvic brim
27
What are antagonist of GnRH in males?
GABA, dopamine, IL-1, prolactin, and Beta endorphin
28
What are the KNDy?
Kisspeptin and Neurokinin - Positive GnRH Dynorphin - Neg
29
What are the characterisitics of Malakoplakia?
Michaelis-Gutman bodies, decreased phagocyte function, and Chronic bacterial infection?
30
Chondyloma lata?
Syphilis
31
Chondyloma acuminatum?
HPV
32
Gleason Grading?
Prostatic adenocarcinoma
33
Kellogg spladt model of female arousal?
Desire isnt a factor until right before the O
34
Wexner score is for what?
Fecal incontinence
35
Psamomma bodies are what type of surface epithelial?
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
36
Characteristics of Thecoma?
Estrogen secreting and lipid laden
37
Characteristic of endometriosis?
Mulberry-Nodules
38
How can you tell if it is neonatal blood?
Nucleated RBCs
39
What transmits pain from the labia majora?
Round ligament
40
What are the TORCH infections?
TORCH infections are toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus with the O in TORCH stands for other which includes: coxsackie virus, syphilis, varicella-zoster, HIV, and parvovirus. We now know the “O” should also stand for ebloa virus and zika virus.
41
9 valent HPV is mainly to protect?
Females from cervical cancer
42
The cavernous nerve is ___ while the pudendal is \_\_\_?
Parasympathetic; sympathetic
43
Why is there an androgen peak in the second trimester?
To establish an external genitalia
44
Chancroid is caused by?
Haemophylius duceri
45
Polypoid cystitis
Indwelling catheter chronic infection
46
Follistatin?
Inhibits activin
47
Viagra is?
PDE5 inhibitor leading to increased cGMP
48
Ca-125 is an indicator?
Surface epithelial ovarian tumors
49
BRCA1 increases the risk of?
Medullary carcinoma
50
BRCA2 increases risk of?
Male breast cancer
51
Genital tubercle forms?
Glands of clitoris and penis
52
UG folds form?
Labia minora and body of the penis
53
OG groove forms?
Opening of the urethra (M+F) and vagina
54
Labioscrotal swelling forms?
Labia major and scrotum
55
What causes hypospadias?
Failure of the UG folds to fuse
56
What causes epispadias?
Incorrect positioning of the Genital tubercle
57
What increases GnRH in males?
Neuropeptide Y, Leptin and NE
58
What muscle is commonly injured in birthing?
Pubococcygeus
59
Straddle injury may cause bleeding where?
Superficial perineal space
60
Pathology associated with rectouterine fold?
Pregnant uterus can expand and cause lower back pain
61
Spermatogonia are dividing?
Mitotically
62
Spermatocytes are dividing?
Meiotically
63
Why are sperm genetically foreign?
Genetic recombination, haploid gene expression, and creation long after "immunological self" has been determined
64
Prolactin binding to Leydig cells does what?
Increases LH receptors
65
Angle by which the ureter enters bladder?
Oblique so it doesnt let pee back up
66
blastocele cavity becomes?
Yolk sac cavity
67
Fluid filled space between bilayer embryonic germ disc and trophoblast?
Amniotic cavity
68
What treats BPH?
Alpha adrenergic **_antagonist_** and 5 alpha reductase inhibitors
69
Development of the fetal testis from the bipotential gonad is under the control of what?
The SRY gene - no hormones involved
70
How does placental lactogen affect milk production?
Increases it
71
Why do granulosa cells secrete plaminogen and collagenase?
Allow for ovulation
72
What are the visceral fibers that mediate sensation of uterus fundus and body?
Travel along sympathetic path of the hypogastric and lumbar splanchnic (L1-L2)
73
Pain from the cervical neck of uterus is carried where?
Parasympathetic - Pelvic splanchnic - S2,3,4
74
Uterine prolapse is caused by?
Stretching of vaginal wall, cardinal and round ligament.
May include uterosacral ligament
75
Caudal epidural block
Blocks sensation to perineum, vagina and cervix
76
Pudendal nerve block
Reduces somatic sensations - vulva and perineum
77
How to find pudendal nerve?
Palpate ishial spine
78
Kegel exercise strengthen?
Levator ani muscles
79
Didelphyic uterus
Complete failure of paramesonephric to fuse
80
Bicournate uterus formation?
Partial failure of the parameso to fuse
81
Septate uterus
Failure to reabsorb midline septum.
82
How will adenomyosis alter size of uterus?
Increase size
83
Type of breast cancer to most likely be bilateral?
LCIS
84
Most common cardiac abnorm with maternal diabetes?
Transposition of great arteries
85
Maternal diabetes leaves mother at risk for?
Post op wound infection
Preeclampsia
Uteroplacental insufficiency
86
The 1 time GDM test has done what?
Increased incidence of GDM 2-3 times
87
Jaundice should not occur in a new born within?
24 hours
Normal 48-72 hours
88
Why is temp control a problem in newborns?
Decreased mass to surface are ratio
89
Conduction
Solid to solid transfer
90
Convection
Solid to gas
91
Evaporation
Liquid to gas
92
What is most beneficial for postmenopausal women for HRT?
Low dose estrogen only with transdermal patch
93
What should you not use in postmenopausal women as HRT?
Estrogen and Progesterone
94
If a woman has had hysterectomy, what should not happen?
Estrogen as hormone replacement
95
Bilirubin is toxic to?
Brain
96
BIRADS 1 and 2
Benign normal follow up
97
BIRADS 3
Probably benign shorter follow up though
98
BIRADS 4
Possible malignancy - follow up for tissue sampling
99
BIRADS 5
Greater than 95% malignancy
100
BIRADS 6
Proven malignancy - used for follow up
101
Low grade urothelial papillary tumor
Orderly appearance, evenly spaced and minimal atypia
102
High grade urothelial papillary urothelial carcinoma
Dyscohesive with larger hyperchromatic nuclei
Many mitotic figures
103
Uterine prolapse cause
Weakened levator ani muscles
104
Pudendal nerve block
Somatic - perineum and vagina (found lateral to sacrospinous)
105
Caudal nerve block
Subperitoneal viscera
106
PID can cause
Infert
107
Infections can be drained from the rectouterine pouch via access through what?
Posterior fornix of vagina
108
Erection nerves
Pelvic splanchnic
Inferior hypogastric
Prostatic plexus
Cavernous nerves
Parasympathetic
109
Sympathetic of penis?
Sacral splanchnic
| (inf hypo is mixed)
110
Motor nerves of penis?
Deep perineal nerve
111
Mechanism of ejaculation
Internal urethral sphincter closes
external opens
Bulbospongiosus contracts
112
Contraction of ishiocav and bulbospong
Forces blood into erectile tissue
113
1st degree laceration of birth canal
Perineal skin and mucosa
114
2nd degree laceration of birth canal
1st degree and fascia and muscles of perineal body
115
3rd degree laceration of BC
extending to anal sphincter
116
4th degree laceration
Extending through rectal mucosa
117
Blood testis barrier formed
at puberty
118
Cytoplasmic bridges in sperm funciton
Phenotypically diploid
Genotypically haploid
119
Immunological foreign reasons
Genitic recombination (maternal and paternal)
Haploid gene expression
Spermatogenesis occurs after immunological self is established
120
Peritubular myoid cells respond to
oxytocin
121
Hysterectomy needs to ligate what
Uterine and ovarian artery
122
Increased temperature does what to testicle?
Seminiferous tubules to atrophy
Leydig cells are ok
123
Flat urothelial carinoma in-situ
Flat urothelium cytologically malignant, full thickness and scattered pagetoid
124
Invasive urothelial carcinoma
associated with papillary or flat
Extent of invasion into muscular propria
125
Bowen and Bowenoid are related to
To HPV 16
126
Interstitial cystitis
Chronic infection of unknown origin
127
Malakoplakia
**MG bodies**
**Yellow mucosal plaques Foamy macrophages**
**Chronic infection so not presenting like acute**
128
Syphilis
Treponema pallidum
129
Schistosomas will have what on histo
Calcified eggs
Looking like reddish dots
130
Kegel exercises strengthen
Pubococcygeus (Levator ani)
131
Straddle injury results from
Superficial perineal space bleeding
Bloacked by superficial perineal membrane
132
Perianal abscess forms where?
Ischioanal fossa
133
Isthmus softening is a sign of?
Pregnancy
134
Do not ligate what in a hysterectomy
Ureturer
135
Pain in labia majora caused by
Pulling on round ligament
136
Lumbosacral trunk arises from
L4 and L5
137
Ovary drains to what lymph node
Lumbar
138
Guardisil 9 protects against? When given
6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58
0, 2 and 6 months
139
75% of pregnancies failure to begin due to?
Failure to implant
140
Ovarian cyst likely will lead to?
Torsion
141
Most leiomyomas are?
Asymptomatic
142
Use of a pessary?
Levator ani muscles
143
Structural causes of AUB
PALM
Polyp
Adenomyosis
Leiomya
Malignancy
144
Nonstructural causes of AUB
COEIN
Coag
Ovulatory dysfunciton
Endometrial
Iatrogenic
Not yet classified
145
Most common symptom of CIN3
Post coital bleeding
146
Minipill does
Increases cervical viscoscity
Does not inhibit mid cycle LH surge
147
Contraception that causes missed periods can expect
Breakthrough bleeding
148
Copper IUD
Can be used in emergency
Prevents implantation as well
149
Plan B can be used
Within 72 hrs of event
150
Depo does what
inhibits mid cycle LH
151
Etonogestrel and IUDs are good why
20x more effective and much less risk for thrombosis
152
What happens to clotting factors in pregnancy
Most increase
153
What happens to BP through pregnancy
Systolic - should stay same
Diastolic - decreases in 2nd and increases in 3rd
154
What happens to FRC in pregnancy
Decreases
155
What is the role of progesterone and estrogen on oviduct cells
Prog - make more secretory
Estrogen - make more ciliated
156
Non ciliated (peg) cells increase
In the secretory phase due to prog
157
Straight arteries do what
Provide blood to stratum basale
158
Coiled arteries do
Provide blood to functionale
159
Endocervix has what epi
Columnar
160
Exocervix has what epithelium
Squamous
161
Does the ampulla of vas store sperm
Yes
162
What determines gonadal sex
SRY gene
163
Turners syndrome?
Short, wide nipples, normal intellignence, Increase FSH and LH due to ovarian failure
164
Sinuvaginal bulbs importance
Distal 1/5th of vagina
165
Most common location of cryptorchid testicle
Inguinal canal
166
Migration of testis uses?
Insulin like GF 3 from Leydig cells
167
Hypospadias
Epispadias
H - VENTRAL surface
E - DORSAL
168
Most common bacteria for acute cystitis?
E coli
169
Pregnancy does what to lungs?
Increased minute ventilation
Decreased serum CO2
170
Pregnancy does what to kidneys?
Increased GFR and plasma flow
Hydronephrosis is caused by bladder backing up
171
Role of PL on insulin resistance?
Increased lipolysis
More FFA
decreased glucose uptake
172
Transverse arrest of fetal head
Platepoid
173
Persistant posterior
Anthropoid
174
Decreased descent?
Android
175
Risk factors for breast carcinoma
Dense breast and 1st degree family member
176
When to use screening mammogram?
When patient is asymptomatic
177
When to use diagnostic mammogram?
When patient has symptoms
178
When to use ultrasound for breast
To characterize a mass
179
When to use MRI for breast?
New diagnosis of cancer
Ruptured implant
Following existing cancer
180
Clomiphene citrate
Estrogen antagonist at hypothalamus
Increased FSH
More than one follicle
181
Metastatic breast cancer
Pallitive
182
Bleeding in pregnancy with smoking (no pain)?
Pain?
NP - previa
Accreta
183
How to OCs decrease PID?
Increasing cervical mucosa thickness
184
Path of egg in ovulation
Ovulation
Meiosis 1
Fertilization
M2
Morula
Blastocyst
Hatch
Implant
185
Atypical hyperplasia is more risky for pre or postmenopausal women?
Pre
