Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders (Schizophrenia) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the estimated cost of psychological disorders in the US per year?

A

$317 billion

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2
Q

How many people have a diagnosable illness in the US?

A

25%

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3
Q

What is the percentage of people that fall victim during their lifetime?

A

46%

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4
Q

What does schizophrenia mean?

A

“split mind” in German

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5
Q

What is schizophrenia?

A

a disorder that contains deficits in emotion, intellect, and perception along with the inability to distinguish what is reality and overall life

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6
Q

What is the percentage of people affected by schizophrenia?

A

1% where it is both equal in men and women

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7
Q

What is psychosis characterized in schizophrenia?

A

Perceptual, emotional, and intellectual deficits. Loss of contact with reality and inability to function in life

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8
Q

When do men show symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

during tween years and twenties

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9
Q

When do women show symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

A decade later during their 30’s

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10
Q

What are the acute symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

develop suddenly, more responsive to treatment, and the prognosis is reasonably good.

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11
Q

What are the chronic symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Symptoms develop gradually that persist for a long time that have have poor prognosis

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12
Q

Is schizophrenia hereditary?

A

yes

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13
Q

What twin is more likely to develop schizophrenia?

A

Identical

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14
Q

What is the vulnerability model?

A

Some threshold in causal forces must be exceeded for illness to show itself. The threshold can be environmental factors that trigger genes.

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15
Q

What is a positive symptom of schizophrenia?

A

exaggeration of symptoms

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16
Q

What are some positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

hallucinations (sensory) and delusions (abnormal thought pattern)

17
Q

What is a negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

absence or lack of normal behaviors

18
Q

What are some negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

lack of motivation, attention, speech, and pleasure

19
Q

What are cognitive impairments in memory in schizophrenia?

A

declarative and spatial memory deficits

20
Q

What treatment is there for schizophrenia?

A

anti-dopamine drugs that are somewhat effective

21
Q

How does treatment for positive symptoms react?

A

good

22
Q

How does treatment for negative symptoms react?

A

poor

23
Q

What are the negative side effects of anti-dopamine drugs?

A

mental impairment and loss of cells in the temporal lobe

24
Q

Are the symptoms reversible for positive symptoms?

A

possibly

25
Q

Are the symptoms reversible for negative symptoms?

A

no

26
Q

What is the dopamine hypothesis?

A

There is excessive dopamine in the brain(high in the striatum). Usually, anti-dopamine drugs won’t help.

27
Q

What are 1st gen antipsychotics?

A

Medication that is somewhat effective but leads to involuntary movements.

28
Q

What are atypical antipsychotics?

A

Medication that targets D2 receptors and is less involuntary movements. Antipsychotics are the same or more effective than anti-dopamine drugs and help resistant cases.

29
Q

What is the glutamate theory?

A

There is too little glutamate in the brain. Where PCP, mimics schizophrenia by inhibiting NMDA receptors

30
Q

What is the treatment to the glutamate theory?

A

Increase glutamate through direct administration of glycine that decreases symptoms of schizophrenia

31
Q

What are some brain abnormalities in schizophrenia?

A

Reduced gray matter and limbic area volume. Also, hypofrontality where communication is disrupted between the hippocampus and pre-frontal cortex

32
Q

What are the changes in synchrony in the brain?

A

reduced white matter, impaired auditory gating, and hyperexcitability in sensory areas.

33
Q

What helps with impaired auditory gating and negative symptoms?

A

nicotine

34
Q

What percentage of schizophrenia patients smoke?

A

80%

35
Q

What are some environmental origins or transmitter anomalies for schizophrenia?

A

brain damage, TBI, prenatal complications, stavation during pregnancy, and immune responses

36
Q

What is the winter birth effect?

A

Babies who are born during winter and spring are more likely to develop schizophrenia compared to summer and fall babies. The effect is neurodevelopmental problems during neuron immigration in the temporal and frontal lobes. This is caused because of the higher rates of infections in winter/spring than summer/fall.