Chapter 6: Motivation and Hunger Exam 2

Question 1

What is motivation?

Answer 1

Factors that sustain and direct behaviors

Question 2

What is homeostasis?

Answer 2

Balance within the body such as temperature, blood sugar, etc

Question 3

Is motivation seen? Or is it in the brain?

Answer 3

Only seen and is not in the brain

Question 4

What is the instinct theory of motivation?

Answer 4

All species have unlearned and automatic behavior

Question 5

What is the drive theory motivation?

Answer 5

The body’s goal is to maintain homeostasis. If there is a drop then the body will seek for something to maintain balance again (or balance essentially)

Question 6

What is the incentive theory of motivation?

Answer 6

When external stimuli are involved in order to gain something in return such as getting good grades in exchange for weekly allowance

Question 7

What is the arousal theory of motivation?

Answer 7

Wanting to reach a certain level of satisfaction or feeling. Wanting to go do something or somewhere to reach a feeling

Question 8

What is temperature regulated by?

Answer 8

The preoptic area of the hypothalamus

Question 9

What are ectotherms?

Answer 9

Animals that cannot regulate their body temperature internally like lizards

Question 10

What are endotherms?

Answer 10

Animals like mammals that keep their body temperature constant internally

Question 11

What is osmotic thirst?

Answer 11

When the fluid content in cells decrease

Question 12

What is hypovolemic thirst?

Answer 12

When blood volume drops due to extracellular water

Question 13

What are the five tastes we detect?

Answer 13

salty, sweet, sour, bitter, and umami(meaty)

Question 14

What is the reason for sweet?

Answer 14

carbohydrates

Question 15

What is the reason for salty?

Answer 15

ions for neural transmission

Question 16

What is the reason for sour?

Answer 16

spoiled or rotten food

Question 17

What is the reason for bitter?

Answer 17

toxic chemicals

Question 18

What is the reason for umami?

Answer 18

protein content

Question 19

Where do the signals for these tastes travel to?

Answer 19

The insula and the nucleus of the solitary tract

Question 20

What is sensory-specific satiety?

Answer 20

When one eats a food often to the point where it becomes unappealing

Question 21

What is learned taste aversion?

Answer 21

When one no longer wants a specific food due to association of bad experiences like illness

Question 22

What is learned taste preferences?

Answer 22

When one wants food due to needed nutrient

Question 23

What is the absorptive phase?

Answer 23

When the body lives off nutrients coming in from the digestive system. Blood glucose levels and insulin secretions rise, take up glucose then glycogen and stored in fat)

Question 24

What is the fasting phase?

Answer 24

When energy is restored. Lower glucose and insulin; Fat is broken down to acids

Question 25

What is glucoprivic?

Answer 25

Low glucose

Question 26

What is lipoprivic

Answer 26

Low fatty acids

Question 27

When is ghrelin released?

Answer 27

When the stomach empties and one is hungry

Question 28

How is eating initiated?

Answer 28

Eating is initiated by the paraventricular nucleus and lateral hypothalamus

Question 29

What happens when the lateral hypothalamus is damaged?

Answer 29

Anorexia

Question 30

When is eating stopped?

Answer 30

By the stretch receptor signal along the vagus nerve and CCK is released in the duodenum then signals the NST and then the hypothalamus

Question 31

When is peptide YY (PYY) released?

Answer 31

Released in the intestines to the blood and inhibits NPY release

Question 32

What is leptin?

Answer 32

A hormone that is secreted by fat cells and inhibits eating when there is an abundance of fat

Question 33

What is a BMI of 30-39?

Answer 33

obese

Question 34

What is a BMI of over 40?

Answer 34

morbidly obese

Question 35

What are some of the risks of being obese?

Answer 35

Heart/organ problems, diabetes, strokes, and overall reduced lifespan

Question 36

Is obesity voluntary or genetic?

Answer 36

Heritable as it is 50% heritable

Question 37

How does obesity affect the brain?

Answer 37

Reduced temporal lobe and cognitive decline which can lead to Alzheimers

Question 38

What is basal metabolism?

Answer 38

The energy required to fuel the body that varies by individual but generally is 1800 calories a day

Question 39

What are some preventative measures for obesity?

Answer 39

Dieting, surgical procedure, and medication but this highly innefective

Question 40

What is the percentage of women affected by anorexia and bulimia?

Answer 40

3%

Question 41

What is anorexia nervosa?

Answer 41

A starving disease where people will restrict food intake and reduce calories. There are some purgers but not as common. Anorexics will be underweight

Question 42

What is bulimia nervosa?

Answer 42

When an individual will binge on food and proceed to purge. There is no restriction on food and most overeat and maintain their weight.

Question 43

What is low with bulimics?

Answer 43

Leptin