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Psych 002 > Chapter 9: Hearing and Language > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Hearing and Language Flashcards

1
Q

A receptor is?

A

a cell that responds to energy. Think of a neurotransmitter or neuron.

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2
Q

What is an adequate stimulus?

A

the energy form for which the receptor is specialized

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3
Q

What is sensation?

A

The gain of information. Ex: gaining sense of what touched you.

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4
Q

What is perception?

A

interpretation of information. Ex: making sense of things around you

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5
Q

What is the adequate stimulus for hearing?

A

Vibration in a
conducting medium
(air, water, bone)

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6
Q

What is the receptor for hearing?

A

cochlea or hair cell

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7
Q

What are the physical modalities for hearing?

A

frequency, intensity, and amplitude

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8
Q

How is frequency measured?

A

Hz or Hertz

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9
Q

What is intensity and amplitude?

A

the physical height of the wave

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10
Q

How is intensity and amplitude measured?

A

millivolts (mV)

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11
Q

Is loudness a sensation or perception?

A

perception

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12
Q

What is pitch in psychology?

A

the psychological perception of frequency

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13
Q

What are the psychological modalities of hearing?

A

pitch and loudness

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14
Q

How is loudness measured?

A

decibels

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15
Q

What is the human hearing range?

A

15-20,000 Hz

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16
Q

What are pure tones?

A

A frequency in which waves are constant.

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17
Q

What are complex sounds?

A

A frequency in which waves are not constant and almost random

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18
Q

The outer ear contains?

A

The pinna and the external auditory canal

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19
Q

What is the pinna responsible for?

A

selects sound in one direction and amplifies it

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20
Q

Where does the pinna connect to?

A

The tympanic membrane/eardrum

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21
Q

The middle ear contains?

A

The tympanic membrane, tensor tympani, ossicles, and eustachian tube

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22
Q

Is the outer ear visible?

A

yes

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23
Q

What are the ossicle names?

A

hammer, anvil, and stirrup

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24
Q

What does the tympanic membrane connect to?

A

The ossicles

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25
Q

What does the inner ear contain?

A

The oval window, round window, cochlea, cochlear canal, vestibular canal, tympanic canal, organ of corti, and auditory nerve

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26
Q

How is the cochlea shaped?

A

A snail

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27
Q

What is inside the cochlea?

A

sound-analyzing structures

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28
Q

What is in the cochlear canal?

A

auditory receptors

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29
Q

What is the organ of corti responsible for?

A

convert sound from a vibration to a neural signal

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30
Q

Where is organ of corti located?

A

The basilar membrane above the hair cells

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31
Q

What are the outer hair cells responsible for?

A

amplifying and sharpening sound

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32
Q

What are inner hair cells responsible for?

A

encoding sound into impulses

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33
Q

How many outer hair cells are there?

A

12,000

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34
Q

How many inner hair cells are there?

A

3,500

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35
Q

What happens when hair cells bend?

A

When hair cells bend, they open sodium channels that generate receptor potential and transduce the signal to a brain signal

36
Q

What is the vestibular canal responsible for?

A

balance

37
Q

Where are hair cells located?

A

the cochlear canal

38
Q

Where is the auditory cortex located?

A

In the temporal lobe in the 8th cranial nerve

39
Q

What is the inferior colliculi responsible for?

A

sound from both ears

40
Q

What is MGN responsible for?

A

opposite ear information

41
Q

How is the auditory cortex organized?

A

Topographically

42
Q

What is the ventral stream responsible for?

A

encoding sound identity

43
Q

What is the dorsal stream responsible for?

A

separating sound

44
Q

Where is the ventral stream located?

A

In the temporal lobe

45
Q

Where is the dorsal stream located?

A

The parietal lobe

46
Q

What does dorsal stream ask?

A

where sound is coming from

47
Q

What does ventral stream ask?

A

What sound is coming

48
Q

What is frequency theory

A

Based on the idea that we know what something is based on sound. Frequency theory explains low pitched but not high pitches or medium

49
Q

Who introduced frequency theory?

A

Rutherford in 1886

50
Q

What is Place theory?

A

The idea is that where sound hits the cochlea, is where it hits the auditory cortex and ultimately what we perceive. This theory explains high and medium pitches well but not low pitched.

51
Q

Who introduced Place theory?

A

Helmholtz in 1857

52
Q

What is the frequency-place theory?

A

A combination of both frequency and place theory. Frequency encodes for low frequencies and place encodes for all other frequencies like medium or high.

53
Q

What is the Fourier analysis?

A

Complex sounds are broken into frequencies. We hear sounds that are broken down and later pieced together in the auditory cortex in the brain

54
Q

What is the cocktail party effect?

A

Our brain is able to follow one auditory object

55
Q

What is binaural?

A

Using both ears

56
Q

What are coincidence detectors?

A

Neurons that fire the most when input arrives at the same time in both ears

57
Q

What is phase difference?

A

When input arrives at a different time in each ear

58
Q

What is language?

A

Understanding of written, spoken, and gestural communication throughout years

59
Q

How is language aquired?

A

Through learning

60
Q

Are there areas responsible for language?

A

Yes

61
Q

What is an impairment of language?

A

Aphasia

62
Q

Where is Broca’s area located?

A

In the frontal lobe

63
Q

What is Broca’s area responsible for?

A

Producing language

64
Q

How was Broca’s area discovered?

A

A patient who suffered from a stroke and could no longer produce language but did have good comprehension. Essentially, frontal damage.

65
Q

What are the symptoms in Broca’s Aphasia?

A

Non-fluency, not articulated, grammar mistakes

66
Q

When was Broca’s area discovered?

A

1861

67
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area located?

A

Temporal Lobe

68
Q

What is Wernicke’s area responsible for?

A

Language comprehension/understanding

69
Q

How was Wernicke’s area discovered

A

Damage to the temporal gyrus in the posterior superior

70
Q

What are the symptoms of Wernicke’s Aphasia?

A

Fluent in producing language but lack in making any sense. Unable to understand any language whether it be written, spoken, or gesture

71
Q

What is Alexia?

A

The inability to read due to impaired visual input to language centers

72
Q

What is dyslexia?

A

Impairment in reading due to imbalanced visual input

73
Q

What is agraphia?

A

The inability to write due to impaired language center output to motor systems

74
Q

Difference between impairment and inability

A

Impairment is something that is weak or damaged. Depending, impairment can be fixed. Inability means something that is damaged and will never be able to be fixed.

75
Q

What is the angular gyrus responsible for?

A

Connecting visual projection to auditory and visual association areas.

76
Q

What is phonological hypothesis?

A

impaired phoneme processing

77
Q

What is affected to cause dyslexia?

A

The right planum temporale in Wernicke’s area is large or equal in size. The left, neurons in the left planum temporal lack order

78
Q

Where is dyslexia mostly found?

A

Countries(most likely) that have complex languages

79
Q

What happens when there is damage in the left hemisphere damage at a young age?

A

The right side can take over language functions

80
Q

What happens when there is damage to the left hemisphere damage later in life?

A

Language control shifts to bordening areas

81
Q

What is a language acquisition device?

A

An area in the brain dedicated to learning language and controlling it. This applies to any language whether it be spoken, written, or gestured

82
Q

What are some biological mechanisms in the left hemisphere?

A

Dominant for speech while right is for rhythm and meaning.

83
Q

What are some behaviors that animals and humans share?

A

Tool use, self recognition, creativity, and some language

84
Q

What language gene is found in apes and Neanderthals?

A

FOXP2

85
Q

Do animals and humans share similar brain organization with human language?

A

Yes

86
Q

What are mirror neurons?

A

Neurons that mirror the actions of others and use motor to act out. May be useful in the development language.

Psych 002 (13 decks)

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