Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders (Affective Disorders)

Question 1

What is depression?

Answer 1

An intense feeling of sadness

Question 2

What is major depression?

Answer 2

sadness that lasts from weeks to months at a time

Question 3

What are the symptoms of depression?

Answer 3

sadness that feels like hopelessness, loss of enjoyment, lack of energy, and sleep disturbance

Question 4

What is the annual cost of mood disorders?

Answer 4

$24 to $234B

Question 5

What is unipolar depression?

Answer 5

depression that appears alone

Question 6

Who is more at risk for unipolar depression?

Answer 6

Women are 3x more likely to experience between 35 and 45. But men’s risk increase with age

Question 7

What is bipolar depression?

Answer 7

Depression that alternated between depression and mania

Question 8

What is mania?

Answer 8

excessive energy, a decrease of sleep and increase sex drive, drug use

Question 9

What can replace mania?

Answer 9

agitation

Question 10

Are affective heritable?

Answer 10

somewhat

Question 11

Is bipolar disorder or depression more heritable?

Answer 11

bipolar disorder

Question 12

Who is more affected in heritability?

Answer 12

women instead of men

Question 13

What is the percentage of heritability?

Answer 13

29% in men while 42% in women

Question 14

What is the monoamine hypothesis of depression?

Answer 14

There is reduced activity in the norepinephrine and serotonin synapses

Question 15

What is the treatment in the hypothesis of depression?

Answer 15

Antidepressants like monoamine oxidase inhibitors that increase the activity of norepinephrine and serotonin. Others include smoking which acts similarly to monoamine oxidase. NMDA receptor antagonist helps as well. Also, cognitive behavior therapy when paired with drugs

Question 16

What is electroconvulsive therapy?

Answer 16

Also, known as shock therapy, this reduces depression by inducing seizures and synchronizing brain areas.

Question 17

What is transcranial magnetic stimulation?

Answer 17

magnets over the scalp that help with depression

Question 18

What is deep brain stimulation?

Answer 18

electrodes placed directly in the brain that helps with depression

Question 19

What is the circadian rhythm in depression?

Answer 19

A biological rhythm that can adjust a person’s circadian rhythm and relieve depression

Question 20

What is REM in depression?

Answer 20

Rapid eye movement. Reducing REM can help reduce depressions

Question 21

What is season affective disorder?

Answer 21

depression that varies through seasons

Question 22

What is phototherapy?

Answer 22

exposure to high intense lights that help and treat winter depression

Question 23

Is there an answer to electroconvulsive therapy with antidepressants and neuroplasticity?

Answer 23

No. There is no definite answer but neurogenesis can play a role. Plasticity may be the most promising answer

Question 24

What is the antidepressant theory?

Answer 24

Adjusting the circadian rhythm and REM can help with depression

Question 25

What is bipolar disorder?

Answer 25

A cycle of 48 hours to months where there is both depression and mania. Typically, depression is longer than mania. Mania can be triggered by stress

Question 26

Are cycles predictable in bipolar disorders?

Answer 26

No

Question 27

What medication is there for bipolar disorders?

Answer 27

Lithium where it stabilizes neurotransmitter and receptor sites to prevent mood swings

Question 28

What are some brain abnormalities in affective disorders?

Answer 28

Decreased Frontal Activity in Depression Loss in the hippocampus, volume deficits, and decreased activity in prefrontal areas (dorsolateral cortex)

Question 29

What are some brain abnormalities in affective disorders?

Answer 29

Increased Activity in the Ventral Prefrontal Cortex Increased activity in ventral prefrontal cortex and volume/activity of amygdala

Question 30

What are some brain anomalies in affective disorder?

Answer 30

Connectivity between the cortex, corpus callosum, and thalamus in bipolar patients. Manic episodes increase from 4% to 36%

Question 31

What areas are responsible for the depression and mania switch?

Answer 31

The ventral prefrontal is responsible for the “depression” switch while the subgenual prefrontal cortex is responsible for the “manic” switch

Question 32

What are the statistics for suicide among affective disorder patients?

Answer 32

A high of 20% with bipolar patients specifically

Question 33

What is low in affective disorder patients and suicide?

Answer 33

Serotonin. Higher among those who repeat suicide attempts

Question 34

What are other symptoms in affective disorders and suicide?

Answer 34

Impulsivity and aggression that is linked to serotonin and BDNF genes

Question 35

What can affect/trigger depression in those who have affective disorders?

Answer 35

Antidepressants (especially in adolescents)