Chapter 11: The Body Senses and Movement

Question 1

The information of the body is called?

Answer 1

somatosenses

Question 2

The skin senses are?

Answer 2

the conditions at body surface

Question 3

Proprioception is?

Answer 3

body position and movement

Question 4

The interoceptive system is?

Answer 4

internal organ sensations

Question 5

The vestibular system is?

Answer 5

head position, movement, and balance

Question 6

The four sensations are?

Answer 6

touch, warmth, cold, and pain. Possibly itch

Question 7

What are free nerve endings?

Answer 7

processes at the end of dendrites that detect temperatures like heat and cold as well as pain.

Question 8

What are the receptor types?

Answer 8

free nerve endings and encapsulated receptors

Question 9

What are encapsulated receptors?

Answer 9

complex touch receptors that are capable of sensations like texture, movement, and stretching.

Question 10

What is the function of the vestibular sense?

Answer 10

maintain balance and provides information about head position, orientation, and movement.

Question 11

Where is the vestibular sense located?

Answer 11

near cochlea

Question 12

What are semicircular canals?

Answer 12

three small tubes that detect movement in three dimensions

Question 13

What is the function of the utricle and saccule?

Answer 13

Head position relative to gravity

Question 14

How is the body divided into?

Answer 14

dermatomes

Question 15

What are dermatomes?

Answer 15

areas of the body served by a single spinal nerve

Question 16

What is the somatosensory cortex?

Answer 16

the parietal lobes posterior to the motor cortex that are organized somatotophically.

Question 17

How many areas does the somatosensory cortex have?

Answer 17

4

Question 18

What is the process of dermatomes?

Answer 18

Enters the spinal cord via spinal nerves, then the thalamus, and lastly, somatosensory cortex

Question 19

Where does the secondary somatosensory cortex receive input?

Answer 19

Receives input from left and right primary somatosensory cortices and combined information from both sides of the body.

Question 20

What are the detectors for the primary somatosensory cortex?

Answer 20

orientation, direction of movement, shape, and texture. Helps understand where pain is.

Question 21

What is the function of the superficial receptors?

Answer 21

understand texture and fine detail

Question 22

Where is the superficial receptors located?

Answer 22

top of the skin

Question 23

Where is the deep receptor located?

Answer 23

under the skin

Question 24

What is the function of deep receptors?

Answer 24

help perceive grasped objects

Question 25

How is the secondary somatosensory cortex connected to the hippocampus?

Answer 25

Through meaning and reward where if one experiences something and fixes it (reward) then one remembers what to do in order to fix it next time

Question 26

What is the function of the posterior parietal cortex?

Answer 26

an association area that brings together body senses like vision and audition. Helps know where one is, where limbs are, and locate objects. Helps in posture as well as reaching and grasping objects

Question 27

What happens if the posterior parietal cortex is damaged?

Answer 27

experiences out of body disorder and body integrity disorder, and neglect

Question 28

What do the free nerve endings respond to when there is pain?

Answer 28

tissue damage, chemicals, and extreme pressure and temperature

Question 29

What type of pain is C?

Answer 29

Dull pain that is small and unmyelinated fibers transmit slow and diffuse aching pain

Question 30

What type of pain is A Delta?

Answer 30

immense and sharp pain that is large and myelinated fibers transmit immediatelt

Question 31

What is substance P?

Answer 31

a neurotransmitter that is released by neurons that convey pain along glutamate.

Question 32

How is pain relieved?

Answer 32

endorphins or opiates

Question 33

How do local anesthetics work?

Answer 33

block sodium channels in pain neurons that reduce activity. Substance P cannot fire and induce pain

Question 34

How do general anesthetics work?

Answer 34

shut the whole nervous system down

Question 35

How do anti-inflammatory drugs work?

Answer 35

supress prostaglandins. Drugs include aspirin, ibuprofin and somewhat tylenol

Question 36

How do opiates work?

Answer 36

decrease pain messages but lead to rapid tolerance and become addictive like morphine

Question 37

What are endorphins?

Answer 37

chemicals that act as neurotransmitters in the brain and as hormones in the body that bind to opiate receptors and decrease pain

Question 38

What are other ways in which endorphins are triggered?

Answer 38

physical stress, vaginal stimulation, and acupuncture

Question 39

What does naloxone do?

Answer 39

block opiate receptors

Question 40

What is gate control theory?

Answer 40

pressure triggers and inhibitory message and closes a neural "gate" in pain

Question 41

What is congenital insensitivity to pain(CIPA)?

Answer 41

ability to feel no physical pain

Question 42

How is congenital insensitivity caused?

Answer 42

gentic defect, loss of unmyelinated pain fibers, and elevated opioid levels

Question 43

What is chronic pain?

Answer 43

pain that persists after healing period

Question 44

What is phantom pain?

Answer 44

experienced pain in a missing limb or body part

Question 45

How does phantom pain occur?

Answer 45

neurons from other body areas that are intact invade the area

Question 46

What treatment is there for phantom pain?

Answer 46

prosthetics and mirror box

Question 47

What is neuropathic pain?

Answer 47

damage to the cns or pns

Question 48

What is nonciceptive pain?

Answer 48

hyperactive pain receptors