Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders (Schizophrenia)

Question 1

What is the estimated cost of psychological disorders in the US per year?

Answer 1

$317 billion

Question 2

How many people have a diagnosable illness in the US?

Answer 2

25%

Question 3

What is the percentage of people that fall victim during their lifetime?

Answer 3

46%

Question 4

What does schizophrenia mean?

Answer 4

“split mind” in German

Question 5

What is schizophrenia?

Answer 5

a disorder that contains deficits in emotion, intellect, and perception along with the inability to distinguish what is reality and overall life

Question 6

What is the percentage of people affected by schizophrenia?

Answer 6

1% where it is both equal in men and women

Question 7

What is psychosis characterized in schizophrenia?

Answer 7

Perceptual, emotional, and intellectual deficits. Loss of contact with reality and inability to function in life

Question 8

When do men show symptoms of schizophrenia?

Answer 8

during tween years and twenties

Question 9

When do women show symptoms of schizophrenia?

Answer 9

A decade later during their 30’s

Question 10

What are the acute symptoms of schizophrenia?

Answer 10

develop suddenly, more responsive to treatment, and the prognosis is reasonably good.

Question 11

What are the chronic symptoms of schizophrenia?

Answer 11

Symptoms develop gradually that persist for a long time that have have poor prognosis

Question 12

Is schizophrenia hereditary?

Answer 12

yes

Question 13

What twin is more likely to develop schizophrenia?

Answer 13

Identical

Question 14

What is the vulnerability model?

Answer 14

Some threshold in causal forces must be exceeded for illness to show itself. The threshold can be environmental factors that trigger genes.

Question 15

What is a positive symptom of schizophrenia?

Answer 15

exaggeration of symptoms

Question 16

What are some positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

Answer 16

hallucinations (sensory) and delusions (abnormal thought pattern)

Question 17

What is a negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

Answer 17

absence or lack of normal behaviors

Question 18

What are some negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

Answer 18

lack of motivation, attention, speech, and pleasure

Question 19

What are cognitive impairments in memory in schizophrenia?

Answer 19

declarative and spatial memory deficits

Question 20

What treatment is there for schizophrenia?

Answer 20

anti-dopamine drugs that are somewhat effective

Question 21

How does treatment for positive symptoms react?

Answer 21

good

Question 22

How does treatment for negative symptoms react?

Answer 22

poor

Question 23

What are the negative side effects of anti-dopamine drugs?

Answer 23

mental impairment and loss of cells in the temporal lobe

Question 24

Are the symptoms reversible for positive symptoms?

Answer 24

possibly

Question 25

Are the symptoms reversible for negative symptoms?

Answer 25

no

Question 26

What is the dopamine hypothesis?

Answer 26

There is excessive dopamine in the brain(high in the striatum). Usually, anti-dopamine drugs won't help.

Question 27

What are 1st gen antipsychotics?

Answer 27

Medication that is somewhat effective but leads to involuntary movements.

Question 28

What are atypical antipsychotics?

Answer 28

Medication that targets D2 receptors and is less involuntary movements. Antipsychotics are the same or more effective than anti-dopamine drugs and help resistant cases.

Question 29

What is the glutamate theory?

Answer 29

There is too little glutamate in the brain. Where PCP, mimics schizophrenia by inhibiting NMDA receptors

Question 30

What is the treatment to the glutamate theory?

Answer 30

Increase glutamate through direct administration of glycine that decreases symptoms of schizophrenia

Question 31

What are some brain abnormalities in schizophrenia?

Answer 31

Reduced gray matter and limbic area volume. Also, hypofrontality where communication is disrupted between the hippocampus and pre-frontal cortex

Question 32

What are the changes in synchrony in the brain?

Answer 32

reduced white matter, impaired auditory gating, and hyperexcitability in sensory areas.

Question 33

What helps with impaired auditory gating and negative symptoms?

Answer 33

nicotine

Question 34

What percentage of schizophrenia patients smoke?

Answer 34

80%

Question 35

What are some environmental origins or transmitter anomalies for schizophrenia?

Answer 35

brain damage, TBI, prenatal complications, stavation during pregnancy, and immune responses

Question 36

What is the winter birth effect?

Answer 36

Babies who are born during winter and spring are more likely to develop schizophrenia compared to summer and fall babies. The effect is neurodevelopmental problems during neuron immigration in the temporal and frontal lobes. This is caused because of the higher rates of infections in winter/spring than summer/fall.