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16 Flashcards

1
Q

Function of URT and LRT

A

Bring air in optimum condition to the respiratory membrane.

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2
Q

What does the larynx do

A

P revents entry of food to LRT and contains the vocal cords.

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3
Q

Function of bronchial tree

A

The bronchial tree carries air to
alveoli, with changes to the epithelium, smooth muscle and cartilage reflecting function.

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4
Q

Where does gas exchange occur

A

Gas exchange occurs at the respiratory membrane in the alveo

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5
Q

Our Body cavities are lined with..

A

Serous membrane

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6
Q

Structure of serous membranes

A
  • double layer of secretory tissue (epithelial cells) with fluid between layers
  • visceral layer on the organ
  • parietal layer on body wall
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7
Q

Examples of serious membranes within cavities

A

Thoracic cavity:
- pericardium
- pleura

Abdominopelvic cavity:
- peritoneum

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8
Q

Body cavities of the trunk

A
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9
Q

What does the thoracic cavity contain?

A

• Mediastinum
• Heart, vessels, pericardium
• Pleural cavities
• Lungs

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10
Q

What is the anterior boundary of the thoracic cavity

A

Sternum

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11
Q

What is the posterior boundary of the thoracic cavity

A

Thoracic vertebrae

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12
Q

What is the lateral boundary of the thoracic cavity

A

Ribs

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13
Q

What is the superior boundary of the thoracic cavity

A

Base of neck

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14
Q

What is the inferior boundary of the thoracic cavity

A

Diaphragm

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15
Q
A
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16
Q

Plural cavities - why are lungs seperate

A

So if one stops functioning, you have another

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17
Q
A
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18
Q

Where dies parietal pleura attach

A

Thoracic wall

  • helps lift and contract lungs during breathing
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19
Q

Pressure is inversely propertiaonal to..

A

Volume

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20
Q

What is ventilation driven by?

A

Changes in thoracic cavity

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21
Q

Volume in expiration and inspiration

A
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22
Q

What is Boyes law

A

P = 1/V

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23
Q

Pressure inversely proportional

A

Volume

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24
Q

Pressure measured by

A

Collisions

• smallerspace=more collisions = increased pressure
• biggerspace=less collisions = decreased pressure

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25
Q

Pressure measured by collisions

A

• smallerspace=more collisions = increased pressure
• biggerspace=less collisions = decreased pressure

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26
Q

Air will move to ______ pressure space

A

Lower

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27
Q

To make air move when we breath we need to establish a

A

Pressure gradient

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28
Q

What is the pressure between breathes ?

A

pressure inside cavity = pressure outside. No gradient

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29
Q

Increased volume = ________ pressure = air flows ____

A

Decreased
In

30
Q

Decreased volume = _____ pressure = air flows____

A

Increased
Out

31
Q

Boyes law diagram - volume and pressure

A
32
Q

Driving force for normal breathing

A

Pressure gradient

33
Q

What connects sternum to ribs?

A

Costal cartilage (hyaline)
- synovial joints
- cartilaginous joints

34
Q

The joints between the ribs

A

Sternacostal
- synovial
- except 1st = cartilaginous

Costochondral
- cartilaginous

Interchandra
- synovial
(Between cartilage

35
Q

What kind of joint is sternocostal

A
  • synovial
  • except 1st = cartilaginous
36
Q

What kind of joint in costochondral

A
  • cartilaginous
37
Q

What kind of joint is interchondral

A
  • synovial
38
Q

Why is first stenocostal cartilagnous

A

Add stability to base of neck

39
Q

What forms the posterior section of thoricaic cavity

A

Articulation between thoracic vertebrae and ribs
- synovial joints

40
Q

What kind of joint is Articulation between thoracic vertebrae and ribs

A

Synovial

41
Q

Where to the ribs attach to the posterior

A

Vertebra

  • constrotransverse: between rib and transverse process of vertebrae
  • constovertebral: between rib and body of vertebrae
42
Q

Which of the thoracic joints are not synovial joints

A

Costochondral and first sternocostal joint

43
Q

Joints allow movement, muscle creates them

A

Yes

44
Q

What do respiratory muscles do?

A

Move the rib cage to allow us to breathe

45
Q

Primary muscles of respiration..

A
  • diaphragm
  • intercostals
46
Q

Accessory muscle of respiration are…

A

Only activated when needed

47
Q

What kind fo muscle is diaphragm

A

Skeletal

48
Q

Structure of diaphragm in relaxation and contraction

A
  • sheet of skeletal muscle
  • some-shaped when relaxed
  • flattens when contracted
49
Q

What does contraction of the diaphragm do?

A

Contraction expands thoracic cavity, compresses abdominopelvic cavity

50
Q

What does diaphragm seperate

A

Thorax from abdomens

51
Q

Primary muscle of respiration

A

Diaphram

52
Q

Three openings in the diaphragm

A
53
Q

Relaxed vs flattened diaphragm

A
54
Q

How do intercostal muscles attach between neighbouring ribs

A

Diaganallly

55
Q

Function of external intercostals

A
  • lefts rib cage and expands cavity
  • inspiration is quiet and forced
56
Q

Internal intercostals function

A
  • depress rib cage and decrease cavity
  • expiration - forced only
57
Q

What are the accessory muscles ?

A

Several muscles that attach to the thoracic cage

58
Q

Functions of accessory muscles

A

• Some accessory muscles increase cavity volume for forced inspiration
• Other accessory muscles decrease cavity volume for forced expiration

59
Q

Muscles of respiration during normal ‘quiet’ inspiration

A
  • Diaphragm contracts = flattens
    • External intercostals contract = lifts ribs
60
Q

Muscles of respiration during normal ‘forced’ inspiration

A

• Diaphragm contracts = flattens
• External intercostals contract = lifts ribs

Plus accessory muscles contract to further expand thoracic cavity

61
Q

Muscles of respiration during normal ‘quiet’ expiration

A

• Passive process
• Diaphragm relaxes=dome shaped
• External intercostals relax= ribs no longer lifted

62
Q

Muscles of respiration during normal ‘forced’ exspiration

A

• Passive process
• Diaphragm relaxes=dome shaped
• External intercostals relax= ribs no longer lifted

• Internal intercostals contract= depress ribs
• Accessory muscles contract to further decrease cavity volume

63
Q

How do the lungs expand as the cavity does?

A

• Lung tissue is elastic and always trying to recoil
• The pleura make the lungs ‘stick’ to the thoracic wall
• Lungs expand during inspiration
• Lungs contract during expiration

64
Q

Pleura contribution on thoricaic movement

A

• Visceral pleura on lungs
• Parietal pleura on thoracic wall

• Pleural fluid in between
– Slippery surface for frictionless movement against other structures – Fluid bond causes lungs to ‘stick’ to thoracic wall

• Therefore, thoracic wall movement results in lung movement
– Increase volume of thorax increase volume of lung decrease pressure in lung air flows in

65
Q

What does recoil of lungs mean

A

Expand and go back to original shape

66
Q

Lungs sticking to thoracic wall and moving shit will be in exam or prog test

A

Yes

67
Q

Forced inhilation and forces exhalation

A

Big breath in:
- diaphragm, external intercostals and accessory muscles contract to increase thoracic cavity volume as much as possible
Big breath out:
- internal intercostals and accessory muscles contract (and diaphragm relaxes) decrease thoracic cavity volume as much as possible, to force air out

68
Q

Key atomically features of thoracic cavity

A
  • bones, joints and muscle form the thoricaic wall
  • inside the cavity is the mediastinum, plus lungs within a double layer of pleuara
69
Q

Relationship between presssure and volume

A

Boyes law: pressure in inversely proportional to volume

70
Q

How do anatomical features change thoracic volume?

A

Insipiration: diagrpham and external intercostals contract. Accessory muscles contract for forced breathing
Expiration: Diaphragm relaxes. Internal intercostals and accessory muscles contract for forced breathing

71
Q

How does our anatomy facilitate breathing ?

A
  • muscles move bones at joints to increase volume/ decrease pressure for inspiration and to decrease / increase pressure for expiration
  • pleural fluid adheres the lungs to the thoricaic wall to ensure lungs expand and recoil as the cavity volume changes
72
Q
A

hubs192 (39 decks)

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