30

Question 1

What type of epithelial cells would you find in the
nephron loop?

Answer 1

Cuboidal worth microvilli brush boarder at the closest part to PCT, simple squamous, cuboidal with few microvilli at part closest to DCT

Question 2

Name the two capillary beds associated with the
nephron.

Answer 2

Glomerular and peritubular

Question 3

Which type of nephron is important for the production of
concentrated urine?

Answer 3

Juxtamedullary nephrons

Question 4

Features of Transitional epithelium - what is it for?

Answer 4

• Stratified, rounded cells
• Flatten when stretched
• For protection.

(Stops substances in urine from being exposed to underlying tissue, urine contains a lot of waste that are toxic and acidic, superficial cells are umbrella cells - apical surface dome shaped - have features that stops urine leaking between the cells, the produce cytocertin that has a water proofing effect, stops fluid from transversing layer of cells, they have a lot of tight junctions at their apical surface, lots of desmosomes connecting adjacent cells stops them separating, umbrella cells can secrete proteins called Europlacans and those proteins can assemble at the apical surface and form plarcs - waxy plates that protect epithelial surface from urine)

Question 5

Where do ureters arise form?

Answer 5

• Arise from each renal pelvis at each hilum

Question 6

What are ureters?

Answer 6

• Slender tubes that carry urine from kidneys to bladder

Question 7

Where do ureters descend?

Answer 7

• Descend retroperitoneally through abdomen, vertically from hila

Question 8

What moves urine to bladder inside ureters ?

Answer 8

• Peristaltic waves
move urine to
bladder

Question 9

Answer 9

Question 10

What kind of epithelium in renal pelvis

Answer 10

Transitional epithelium

Question 11

Level of the hilus

Answer 11

First lumbrical vertbrae

Question 12

Ureter histology

Answer 12

Question 13

Three layers of the ureter

Answer 13

– Transitional epithelium
– Muscularis (inner longitudinal, outer circular) – Adventitia- outer covering of
– Folded protective protein plaques on inner surface

Question 14

How do ureters run through the wall of the bladder - what can it act as?

Answer 14

• Run obliquely through the wall of bladder at its posterolateral corners

– Acts as a sphincter/valve:
compressed by
increased bladder
pressure to
prevent backflow

Question 15

What is the urinary bladder?

Answer 15

Collapsible muscular sac

Question 16

What does the Urinary bladder do?

Answer 16

• stores and expels urine

Question 17

Urinary bladder
- full vs empty

Answer 17

• When empty the bladder collapses along folds (rugae)
• When full, the bladder expands without great increase in
  pressure (~500ml)

Question 18

What do the Ureters do?

Answer 18

-carry urine from kidneys to bladder

Question 19

What does the Bladder wall contain?

Answer 19

• contains muscle for expulsion of urine

Question 20

What are Rugae in the bladder

Answer 20

-Folds that allow bladder to expand

Question 21

What is the Trigone

Answer 21

-triangular region between 2 openings of entry of ureters and 1 opening for urethra

Question 22

What does Urethra do?

Answer 22

-carries urine out of bladder

Question 23

Answer 23

Question 24

Answer 24

Yes

Question 25

Question 26

Empty bladder vs as bladder fills

Answer 26

Empty bladder:
- Pyramidal
- Lies within the pelvis

As bladder fills
- Becomes more spherical
- Expands superiorly into abdominal cavity
- Can be palpated above pubic symphysis

Question 27

Answer 27

Question 28

Location in males and females
Bladder

Answer 28

Male bladder:
- anterior to rectum
- superior to prostate gland (wraps around urethra)

Female bladdder:
- anterior to vagina and uterus

Question 29

Urinary bladder wall
Features

Answer 29

• Folded into rugae for expansion
• Muscosa of transitional epithelium
• Thick smooth muscle layer called detrusor
  
  • Longitudinal, circular and oblique fibres (no differentiation)
  • Contractions to expel urine from bladder into urethra during
    urination

Question 30

Name three structures that protect the urinary tract.

Answer 30

• Transitional epithelium
• Protein plaques
• Entrance to bladder prevents back flow

Question 31

Name the muscle that forms the wall of the bladder.
What is its function?

Answer 31

Detrusor muscle (involuntary)
Expels urine

Question 32

What is the urethra

Answer 32

Thin walled muscular tube

Question 33

What does the Urethra do?

Answer 33

Drains urine from the
bladder out of the body

Question 34

How does epithelium change between bladder and external opening

Answer 34

– Transitional near bladder
– Columnar along most of it (with goblet cells, Mucus glands to
protect epithelium from, protect form ascending bacteria)
– Stratified squamous near external opening

Question 35

Answer 35

Question 36

Male vs female urethra

Answer 36

Female:
- shorter (~5cm)
- seperate from reproductive system

Male
- loner (~25cm)
- part of reproductive system
- initial section surrounded by prostate gland (produces seminal fluid)
- 3 sections: prostatic, membranous, spongy/penile

Question 37

Urethral sphincterS

Answer 37

Internal urethral/urinary sphincter
- Junction of bladder and urethra
- Detrusor muscle
- Involuntary control

External urethral/urinary sphincter
- Located where urethra passes through the urogenital diaphragm
- Skeletal muscle
- Voluntary control

Question 38

Urination

Answer 38

• Bladder fills with urine and expands
• AP from stretch receptors to brain
• Urgency increases as signals increase
• Internal sphincter relaxes
• Conscious relaxation of external sphincter

Question 39

Compare and contrast the structure of the epithelium lining the proximal
convoluted tubule with the structure of the epithelium lining the ureters. How
do the different cellular structures of these epithelia relate to their function?

Answer 39