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HUBS192 > 23 > Flashcards

23 Flashcards

1
Q

Essay question: compare and contrast the structure and function of the stomach and small intestine. Include modifications to he gut tube for these two organs.

A

Stomach two functions and how they relate to structure

Stores food:
- Rugae: temporary folds of submucosa

Digests - mechanically and chemically :
- exerts oblique layer of muscularis for motility
- pyloric sphincter restricts entry to small intestine
- acidic environment - parietal cells
- pepsin - chief cells
- gastric glands
- mucus for protection

Small intestine two functions and how they relate to strucuture

Receive chyme:
- mucus for protection (submucosal glands in duodenum)
- bicarbonate (and enzymes) from pancreas
- bile from liver

Digestion and absorbtion:
Huge surface area
- ~6m
- plicae circulares: permanent folds, core of submucosa
- Vili: mucosa, contain lacteal and BVs
- Microvili: enerocytes

The role of the stomach is to store and digest food. Temporary folds of the submucosa called rugae allow expansion, while the acidic environment is created by parietal cells found in gastric glands. Alongside these cells are chief cells that produce pepsinogen, the inactive form of pepsin, which digests protein. The stomach is protected by a layer of mucus produced by numerous goblet cells at the enterance to these glands. Motility in the stomach mechanically digests food, aided by an additional inner oblique layer of muscle. The pyloric sphincter, a thickened region of smooth muscle, control entry of chyme into small intestine.

The small intestines role is to further digest and absorb nutrients. As chyme is acidic, the initial part of the small intestine, the duodenum, is protected by mucus from submucosal glands, and the acid is neutralised by bicarbonate from the pancreas.
Additional secretions - enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver - enter the small intestine here. Luminal contact and digestion occurs through mixing secretions with chyme along the ~6 length of the small intestine. The surface area is maximised by permanent folds of the submucosa called plicae circulares. The mucosa has extensions called vili and the enterocytes which line the surface have microvili to further increase surface area. Nutrients are absorbed into the blood vessels and lacteals within the vili

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2
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A
  • absorbtion of water (and salts)
  • storage of feces until defecation
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3
Q

What dies the large intestine consist of?

A

Consists of cecum,
colon, and rectum

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4
Q

What is the colon divided into ?

A

Colon divided into:
• Ascending
• Transverse
• Descending
• Sigmoid

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5
Q

How many meters long is LI

A
  • 1.5 m
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6
Q

• Ascending • Transverse • Descending • Sigmoid
…are retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal

A

• Ascending and
descending colon
are retroperitoneal

• Transverse and
sigmoid colon are
intraperitoneal

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7
Q
A
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8
Q

Barium enema enables…

A

… imaging to access function

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9
Q
A
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10
Q

Structure of the caecum

A

• Blind-ended pouch

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11
Q

Where is the location of the appendix

A

The cecum

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12
Q

What dies the ilieocecal valve do?

A

• Ileocecal valve regulates the passage of material into the
large intestine

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13
Q
A
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14
Q
A
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15
Q

Another name for the appendix

A

Vermiform appendix (worm shaped varies from a couple cm long to 30cm long

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16
Q

Function of the appendix

A

• Reserve of large intestine bacteria
(Don’t need it to live)

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17
Q

Attached to?

A

• Attached to cecum

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18
Q

WhAt happens if the appendix becomes inflamed?

A

Appendicitis

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19
Q

Appendicitis

A

When appendix becomes inflamed

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20
Q

Large intestine wall needs to be modified to:

A

• Store feces
• Expell feces during defecation
• Be lubricated
• Allow absorption of water

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21
Q
A
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22
Q

3 structural features of the LI

A

Teniae Coli

Haustra

Omental appendices

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23
Q

Teniae Coli

A
  • bands of longnitudanal muscle
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24
Q

Haustra

A

• Series of pouches

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25
Q

Omental appendices

A

• Sacs of fat

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26
Q

Features of the large intestine muscularis

A
  • inner circular layer is a complete circular
  • outer longitudinal layer forms three thick bands - teniae coil
    • allows for stronger contraction
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27
Q
A
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28
Q

Large intestine mucosa

A
  • lack of villi
  • mucosa invaginates to form intestinal glands
  • absorptive cells for water and salt
  • goblet cells produce mucus for protection and lubrication

(Needs intestinal cells to absorb water and salts and goblet cells for mucus - lubrication)\
(Lots of intestinal glands for large SA for goblet cells - packed)

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29
Q
A
30
Q
A
31
Q

What is the rectum and what does it do?

A

• The rectum is the last part of
the large intestine (tells u when u need to shit)
• Stores feces

32
Q

What does the anal canal do?

A

• The anal canal connects rectum to anus

33
Q

What do the anal columns mark?

A

• Anal columns mark boundary where epithelium changes
• Before: simple columnar
• After: stratified squamous

34
Q
A
35
Q

Anal sphincters

A

Two sphincters work together to control defecation
• The internal anal sphincter
• smooth muscle
• involuntary control
• The external anal sphincter
• skeletal muscle
• voluntary control

36
Q

Defection reflex

A
  • movement of feces into rectum causes distension and stimulates stretch receptors
  • internal anal sphincter relaxes
  • conscious decision to defecate —> external anal sphincter relaxes
  • muscular contractions along tube of intestine expel feces from body (also by abdominal muscle contractions to increase abdominal pressure helping push out faeces)
37
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the large intestine?

A

Simple columnar with goblet cells

38
Q

Function of the liver

A

• metabolic processes
• detoxifies blood
• produces bile

39
Q

Location of the liver

A

• Superior right quadrant of
abdominopelvic cavity
• Wedge shaped organ
• Attached to stomach by
lesser omentum

40
Q

What is the shape of the liver

A

Wedge shape

41
Q

What is the liver attached to the stomach by?

A

The lesser omentum

42
Q
A
43
Q

What is the gallbladder ?

A

Hollow organ below the liver

44
Q

What does the the gallbladder do?

A

Stores and concentrates bile
- connects via cystic duct to bile duct

45
Q

What does the gallbladder connect to?

A

Connects via cystic duct to bile duct

46
Q

What can the gallbladder become obstructed by?

A

Gallstones

47
Q

What percent of cardiac output is received by the liver

A

~25%

48
Q

Gallbladder essential?

A

Naahhhh not rlly - stomach can produce bile

49
Q

How much of the blood that travels to the liver is from the hepatic partial vein? And what kind of blood is it and from where?

A

2/3

  • nutrient rich, deoxygenated blood from the small intestine
  • processed by hepatocytes (liver cells) - liver will detoxify toxins
50
Q

How much of the blood supply to the liver is from the hepatic artery

A

1/3
- where it gets its oxygen from

51
Q
A
52
Q

What travels within the lesser omentum? - remember these together T

A

the hepatic portal vein, the hepatic artery and the bile duct travel within the lesser omentum

53
Q

What is a lobule ?

A

Functional unit

54
Q

What do rows of hepatocytes do? Where are they?

A
  • produce bile
  • inside lobule
55
Q

What is between the rows of hepatocytes

A
  • liver sinusoids
56
Q

Where are bile caniculi ?

A

Between cels

57
Q

What is the portal trial made of?

A

• Branch of hepatic artery
• Branch of hepatic portal vein
• A bile duct
- its at corner of lobule

58
Q

The liver strucuture

A
59
Q

Liver - flow of bile and blood

A
  • blood flows toward the central vein
  • processed by hepatocytes (detoxify), which produce bile
  • bile (from hepatocytes) secreted into canaliculi, travels to bile duct
  • blood flows towards the centre
  • bile flows towards corners
60
Q
A
61
Q

Where does the process detoxified venous blood drain

A
  • central veins drain into hepatic vein which drains into inferior vena cava
62
Q

After produced by liver where does bile travel?

A
  • bile travels to gallbladder (through system duct) to be stored and concentrated
    When needed: (after meal)
  • bile duct joins pancreatic duct at hepatopancreatic ampulla
63
Q
A
64
Q

• Where is the large intestine?

A

Within abdominal cavity, partially retroperitoneal (ascending, descending) and partially intraperitoneal (transverse, sigmoid)

65
Q

• What are the distinct gross anatomical features of the
large intestine?

A

Wall forms haustra (pouches) and has three longitudinal bands of muscle (teniae coli)

66
Q

• How does the mucosa of the Large Intestine differ from
the SI & Anus?

A

Function is to store, protect, absorb water and salts Intestinal glands, no villi. Simple columnar epithelium: absorptive and goblet cells. No need for large SA as in SI, and no risk of abrasion as in anus.

67
Q

• What is structure of the liver and what is its blood supply?

A

Contains lobules made of hepatocytes. Receives blood from hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery. Detoxifies blood, produces bile (carried away by bile ducts). Blood passes to central vein, then hepatic vein, then IVC

68
Q
A
69
Q

Hepatopancreatic ampulla info

A
  • where bile mixed with secretions from pancreas, bicarbonate and enzymes
  • sphincter wraps around to control
  • relaxes to release enzymes and begin digestion into duodenum
70
Q

Structure is dictated by…

A

..function

71
Q
A
72
Q

4 layers of gut tube… what… strucuture dictates function

A
  • when it changes why it changes where it changes
  • why 4 layers are the way they are - why they have the features they have and why they change

HUBS192 (39 decks)

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