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mycology and virology > COLONIAL CHARACTERISTICS > Flashcards

COLONIAL CHARACTERISTICS Flashcards

1
Q

Age:

A

young or maturity

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2
Q

Rate of Growth:

A

Rapid Growers

Intermediate Growers

Slow Growers

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3
Q

Matures in less than 5 days

A

Rapid Growers

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4
Q

Saprobes: uses organic matter but doesn’t harm the host

A

Rapid Growers

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5
Q

Examples: Aspergillus and Ganoderma

A

Rapid Growers

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6
Q

6-10 days

A

Intermediate Growers

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7
Q

Dermatophytes and most opportunistic fungi

A

Intermediate Growers

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8
Q

Examples: Candida, Microsporum, Trichophyton

A

Intermediate Growers

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9
Q

11 days or more

A

Slow Growers

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10
Q

Systemic and subcutaneous fungi

A

Slow Growers

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11
Q

Example: Blastomyces, Coccidioides, Histoplasma

A

Slow Growers

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12
Q

both the obverse (front) and reverse (back)

A

PIGMENT

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13
Q

most are dematiaceous (olive green) - causes an infection in both
immunosuppressed and immunocompetent individuals

A

PIGMENT

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14
Q

how colonies look

A

TEXTURE

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15
Q

leathery/ waxy

A

Glabrous

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16
Q

with little mycelia

A

Glabrous

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17
Q

short aerial hyphae

A

Velvety/Suede

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18
Q

bacteria-like in appearance

A

Yeast-like

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19
Q

(coagulase negative Staphylococcus)

A

Yeast-like

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20
Q

no aerial mycelium

A

Yeast-like

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21
Q

wooly, floccose

A

Cottony

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22
Q

long aerial hyphae

A

Cottony

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23
Q

Powdery

A

Granular

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24
Q

fungi that conidiate heavily

A

Granular

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25
Q

colony surface arrangement

A

TOPOGRAPHY

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26
Q

“lay of the land”

A

TOPOGRAPHY

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27
Q

o with radial grooves from center to the rim

A

Rugose

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28
Q

o like a bicycle wheel

A

Rugose

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29
Q

o parallel at right angles

A

Folded

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30
Q

o volcano-like

A

Crateriform

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31
Q

o wart-like

A

Verrucose

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32
Q

o rough knobs at the surface

A

Verrucose

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33
Q

o with elaborate folds and convolutions

A

Cerebriform

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34
Q

M. MACROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
NOTE FOR:

A

 Caseous material
 Purulent exudate
 Necrotic material
 Granules
 Punch biopsies
 Layers of skin that are broken vertically (fissures)

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35
Q

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

A

 Provide an immediate presumptive diagnosis
 Aid in the selection of appropriate culture media
 Aid in decision of what’s best inoculation technique to use

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36
Q

PREPARATION FOR MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION

A

 Mince or grind hard specimens
 Centrifuge for 3-5 mins fluid specimens
 Pulverize nail clippings
 Volume for fluid specimens: 0.5 ml
 Assemble a wet chamber for incubation

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37
Q
  • distorts colonial morphology
A

TEASE MOUNT

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38
Q
  • rapid method
A

TEASE MOUNT

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39
Q
  • may cause widespread dispersion of conidia
A

CELLULOSE TAPE SWAB

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40
Q
  • morphology is preserved
A

CELLULOSE TAPE SWAB

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41
Q
  • cannot be preserved for long periods
A

CELLULOSE TAPE SWAB

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42
Q
  • substitute for wet mount
A

CELLULOSE TAPE SWAB

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43
Q
  • 95% ethanol
A

CELLULOSE TAPE SWAB

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44
Q
  • Applicator stick and tape
    (disadvantage: not sterile)
A

CELLULOSE TAPE SWAB

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45
Q
  • needs tease-mount first
A

MICROSLIDE/AGAR BLOCK

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46
Q
  • used for fungi with “delicate
    linkages” between conidium and
    conidiophore
A

MICROSLIDE/AGAR BLOCK

47
Q
  • used when (-) conidia
A

MICROSLIDE/AGAR BLOCK

48
Q
  • agar height: 4 millimeters
A

MICROSLIDE/AGAR BLOCK

49
Q
  • 10% for skin and soft tissues
A

KOH 10-20%

50
Q
  • 20% for nails and hard tissues
A

KOH 10-20%

51
Q
  • Clearing of specimens to make fungi more
    readily visible
A

KOH 10-20%

52
Q
  • Glycerol (glycerin: clearing solution)
    prevent crystallization
A

KOH 10-20%

53
Q
  • stand 10 to 15 minutes or heat gently (5 to 30 mins; 10 to 30 mins)
A

KOH 10-20%

54
Q
  • methylene blue may also be added (2:1)
A

KOH 10-20%

55
Q

o methylene blue :

A

KOH

56
Q
  • use in the detection of fungi
A

Calcofluor White

57
Q
  • binds with chitin and cellulose
A

Calcofluor White

58
Q
  • detects fungi rapidly because of bright
    fluorescence (green fluorescence)
A

Calcofluor White

59
Q
  • may also be added to KOH (1:1)
A

Calcofluor White

60
Q
  • not for hair or thin scales of skin (specimen may dissolve)
A

DMSO

61
Q
  • Detection for encapsulated yeast
A

India Ink

62
Q
  • Used in dark-field microscopy
A

India Ink

63
Q
  • To detect capsule of Cryptococcus
    neoformans (agent of fungal meningitis)
A

India Ink

64
Q
  • With limitations since WBCs may be
    confused as fungi
A

India Ink

65
Q
  • Also known as Nigrosin stain
A

India Ink

66
Q
  • Most often used to detect H. capsulatum and C. neoformans complex in disseminated disease.
A

Wright’s Giemsa

67
Q
  • Used in differential count
A

Wright’s Giemsa

68
Q
  • Rapid staining of blood and bone marrow
A

Wright’s Giemsa

69
Q
  • stains the chitin in cell walls of fungi=blue
A

Lactophenol Blue

70
Q
  • popular for quick evaluation of fungal structures
A

Lactophenol Blue

71
Q
  • for rapid staining of blood and bone marrow fungi
A

Wright’s/Giemsa Stain

72
Q
  • used to differentiate the acid-fast Nocardia from other aerobic Actinomyces
A

Modified Acid - Fast Stain

73
Q
  • Actinomyces and Nocardia are gram variable
A

Gram Stain

74
Q
  • Fungi are gram positive
A

Gram Stain

75
Q
  • stains certain polysaccharide in the cell walls of fungi
A

Periodic Acid – Schiff Stain (PAS)

76
Q
  • pink to red or purple with blue nuclei and green background
A

Periodic Acid – Schiff Stain (PAS)

77
Q
  • silver nitrate outlines fungi in black with lavender-gray areas due to the silver precipitating on the fungi cell wall
A

Gomori Methenamine Silver Stain

78
Q
  • internal parts of hyphae are deep rose to black, and the background is light green
A

Gomori Methenamine Silver Stain

79
Q
  • used in tissue sections
A

Gomori Methenamine Silver Stain

80
Q
  • to isolate aspergillus
A

Gomori Methenamine Silver Stain

81
Q
  • Tissues stain deep blue and background is yellow
A

Gridley Stain

82
Q
  • hyphae and yeast stain dark blue to rose
A

Gridley Stain

83
Q
  • simple, sensitive, and extremely specific method of detecting fungi in tissues or fluids
A

Fluorescent Antibody Stain

84
Q
  • dyes: tags with specific antibodies
A

Fluorescent Antibody Stain

85
Q
  • Cryptococcus neoformans: deep rose to red with nucleus
A

Mayer Mucicarmine Stain

86
Q
  • Stains capsules of Cryptococcus neoformans, Histoplasma capsulatum, and Coccidioides immitis
A

Mayer Mucicarmine Stain

87
Q
  • differentiation of dimorphic fungi
A

Papanicolaou Stain

88
Q
  • for cervical and sputum specimen
A

Papanicolaou Stain

89
Q

– mounting fluids

A

KOH and DMSO

90
Q

– most commonly used in the lab

A

KOH, India Ink, LCPB

91
Q

softens most tissues, dissolves fat droplets, bleaches many pigments and dissolves the “cement” that holds keratinized cells together

A

KOH WET MOUNTS
PRINCIPLES

92
Q

KOH WET MOUNTS
REAGENTS: 10-20%

A
  • KOH 10-20 g
  • Glycerin 10 mL
  • Distilled Water 90 mL
93
Q

KOH WET MOUNTS
PROCEDURE
1. Place a small amount of specimen on a clean glass slide
2. Place (?) of KOH on the specimen and overlay a cover slip

A

1-2 drops

94
Q

KOH WET MOUNTS
PROCEDURE
3. Allow the preparation to stand for (?), in a wet chamber
a. You can gently heat preparation to hasten the action of KOH
b. Do not over heat for it may crystallize the KOH

A

10-30 mins

95
Q

KOH WET MOUNTS
PROCEDURE
4. Examine preparation under (?). Take note for the presence of fungal elements (hyphae and/ or spores)

A

low then high magnification

96
Q

Hyaline structures such as capsules and cell walls will be highlighted against a dark background of inked colored specimen creating an illusion of darkfield microscopy

A

INDIA INK PRINCIPLE

97
Q

INDIA INK REAGENT

A

1:1 dilution of the ink

98
Q

INDIA INK PROCEDURE
1. Place a drop of the specimen (body fluid or from culture) on a clean glass
2. Put a drop of India ink, mix and overlay a coverslip
3. Examine under (?) with a bright field microscope

A

low power and high power

99
Q

The morphology of fungal elements is preserved and stained better

A

LACTOPHENOL COTTON BLUE
PRINCIPLES

100
Q

LACTOPHENOL COTTON BLUE REAGENT

A
  • Lactic acid & Phenol (kills organisms)
  • Glycerin (prevents easy dehydration)
  • Cotton blue (dye or stain)
101
Q

LACTOPHENOL COTTON BLUE
PROCEDURE
1. Place a drop of the specimen (body fluid or from culture) on a clean glass
2. Put a drop of India ink, mix and overlay a coverslip
3. Examine under (?) with a bright field microscope

A

low power and high power

102
Q
  • for the rapid definitive identification of Candida albicans
A

GERM TUBE PRODUCTION TEST

103
Q

GERM TUBE PRODUCTION TEST
Incubate for (?)

A

2-3 hrs at 35 degrees celsius

104
Q

GERM TUBE PRODUCTION TEST
Place one drop on a slide after incubation
o (+) result: (?)

A

germ tube

105
Q
  • most basic and easiest to perform for the identification of yeast
A

An appendage 1⁄2 the width and 3⁄4 the length

106
Q
  • may use plasma from expired blood bags
A

An appendage 1⁄2 the width and 3⁄4 the length

107
Q

Formaldehyde
- (?) of formaldehyde absorbed by cotton then placed in a tube
- Formaldehyde-soaked cotton in a jar together with the tubes

A

10 drops

108
Q

Storage
- by slowing the metabolism of fungi
a. (?)
b. (?)

A

decreasing oxygen

decreasing nutrients

109
Q

Sealing with Parafilm

A

o 6 to 12 months interval of culture

110
Q

o 24 months interval

A

Mineral Oil

111
Q

o disadvantage: messy

A

Mineral Oil

112
Q

o at –200 C to –700 C

A

Freezing

113
Q

o 1 to 2 years interval

A

Freezing

114
Q

o 2 mL of distilled water in culture

A

Sterile Water

mycology and virology (24 decks)

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