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MYCOLOGY AND VIROLOGY > PARAMYXOVIRIDAE > Flashcards

PARAMYXOVIRIDAE Flashcards

1
Q

[?] RNA viruses

A

Enveloped

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2
Q

[?] nm

A

150-300

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3
Q

[?] symmetry

A

Helical

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4
Q

Genome:

A

Negative sense, linear, single stranded, nonsegmented RNA

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5
Q

Virus relicates in the [?]

A

cytoplasm

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6
Q

Virions penetrate the cell by [?] with the plasma membrane and exit by [?] from the plasma membrane without killing the cell

A

fusion; budding

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7
Q

Viruses induce cell-tocell fusion, causing multinucleated giant cells (?)

A

syncytia

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8
Q

causes many of the symptoms but is essential for control of the infection

A

Cell-mediated immunity

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9
Q

Respirovirus

A

Human parainfluenzaviruses 1 & 3

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10
Q

Morbillivirus

A

Measles virus

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11
Q

Rubulavirus

A

Mumps virus; Human parainfluenza viruses 2 & 4

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12
Q

Henipavirus

A

Hendra virus, Nipah virus

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13
Q

Pneumovirus

A

Human respiratory syncytial virus

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14
Q

Metapneumovirus

A

Human metapneumovirus

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15
Q

● non-segmented genome is 15-19 kb in length.

A

Respirovirus

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16
Q

● Virions can be either pleomorphic or filamentous.

A

Respirovirus

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17
Q

● Replication takes place in the cytoplasm.

A

Respirovirus

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18
Q

● Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIV) are classified into four serotypes. The most popular are HPIV-1 and HPIV-2.

A

Respirovirus

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19
Q

In babies, HPIV-3 causes bronchiolitis and pneumonia.

A

Respirovirus

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20
Q

● Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is divided into four subtypes (A1, A2, B1, B2).

A

Respirovirus

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21
Q

The F (fusion) and G (attachment) proteins are two surface glycoproteins.

A

Respirovirus

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22
Q

Diseases: Measles or Rubeola

A

Morbillivirus

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23
Q

● causes fever with rashes (red measles)

A

Morbillivirus

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24
Q

● personality changes, loss of memory, muscle spasms, blindness

A

Morbillivirus

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25
Q

● incubation period: 7-13 days

A

Morbillivirus

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26
Q

● may also show conjunctivitis and pneumonia

A

Morbillivirus

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27
Q

MUMPS

A

Rubulavirus

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28
Q

● “to mump” (british word): grimace or grin (as a result of parotid gland swelling)

A

Rubulavirus

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29
Q

● Acute infectious disease due to “myxovirus parotiditis”

A

Rubulavirus

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30
Q

RNA paramyxovirus (Genus [?]) affecting mainly glands and nervous system

A

Rubulavirus

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31
Q

● Mortality is negligible

A

Rubulavirus

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32
Q

● a genus of negative-strand RNA viruses in the family Paramyxoviridae, order Mononegavirales containing six established species

A

Henipavirus

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33
Q

● pleiomorphic with spherical or filamentous structures (40- 2000 nm)

A

Henipavirus

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34
Q

● Nucleocapsids are visible in electron microscopy (18 nm)

A

Henipavirus

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35
Q

● HPIV and HMPV spread through droplets and touch.

A

Respirovirus

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36
Q

In children, HPIV causes upper respiratory infections and croup.

A

Respirovirus

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37
Q

a. Spread by viremia

A

Morbillivirus

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38
Q

● from the oropharynx leading to the RES

A

Morbillivirus

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39
Q

b. Secondary Viremia

A

Morbillivirus

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40
Q

● after 5-7 days

A

Morbillivirus

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41
Q

● spreads to the mucosa of repiratory, urogenital and GIT or CNS

A

Morbillivirus

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42
Q

● Respiratory Tract Entry: Mumps virus typically enters the body through the respiratory tract via inhalation of infected respiratory droplets.

A

Rubulavirus

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43
Q

● Initial Replication: The virus initially infects and replicates in the upper respiratory tract epithelial cells.

A

Rubulavirus

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44
Q

● Overcrowding

A

Rubulavirus

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45
Q

● Mode of transmission: droplet infection and direct contact with the infection person

A

Rubulavirus

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46
Q

● I.P.: 2-4 weeks

A

Rubulavirus

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47
Q

● Henipaviruses enter via respiratory tract or direct contact with infected animals.

A

Henipavirus

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48
Q

● Attachment to host cells occurs via specific ephrin-B2 and ephrin-B3 receptors on endothelial cells and neurons.

A

Henipavirus

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49
Q

● Fusion and entry into host cells facilitated by viral attachment and fusion glycoproteins.

A

Henipavirus

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50
Q

● Release of viral RNA genome into host cell cytoplasm.

A

Henipavirus

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51
Q

● Viral RNA replication leads to more viral proteins and genomes.

A

Henipavirus

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52
Q

● Cell-to-cell spread via syncytia formation allows direct viral transmission.

A

Henipavirus

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53
Q

● In young children, HMPV causes bronchiolitis.

A

Respirovirus

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54
Q

● Severe illness is more likely in the elderly and immunocompromised people.

A

Respirovirus

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55
Q

● Endemic worldwide

A

Morbillivirus

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56
Q

● Serious & highly contagious

A

Morbillivirus

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57
Q

● Usually found in non-immunized or partially -immunized

A

Morbillivirus

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58
Q

● Humans are the natural host

A

Morbillivirus

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59
Q

● 1-5 year age group

A

Morbillivirus

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60
Q

● Airborne, spread by contact with aerosolized respiratory secretion

A

Morbillivirus

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61
Q

● Age: mostly 5-9 yrs, but can be seen in any age

A

Rubulavirus

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62
Q

● Sex: females

A

Rubulavirus

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63
Q

● Immunity: less than 6 months of age infants are immune, life long immunity after one infection

A

Rubulavirus

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64
Q

● Any time but peak in winter and spring season

A

Rubulavirus

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65
Q

● Reservoir Hosts: Bats as Natural Reservoirs

A

Henipavirus

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66
Q

● Human infection appears to be as a result of contact with sick farm animals, and not direct contact with the bat hosts.

A

Henipavirus

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67
Q

Viral culture, antigen detection, and serology, PCR

A

Respirovirus

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68
Q

Nasopharyngeal swabs, aspirates, and washes are optimal specimens

A

Respirovirus

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69
Q

History and Symptoms

A

Morbillivirus

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70
Q

Presence of Koplik’s Spots

A

Morbillivirus

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71
Q

Serologic Testing: Blood tests can detect specific antibodies (IgM and IgG) against the measles virus.

A

Morbillivirus

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72
Q

IgM is detectable from day 3 after rash onset, and IgG from days 7–14.

A

Morbillivirus

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73
Q

Viral Detection: Reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on respiratory specimens (such as throat swabs, nasal swabs, or saliva) can detect measles virus RNA.

A

Morbillivirus

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74
Q

Virus isolation—possible in renal cell lines, growth slow

A

Morbillivirus

75
Q

Direct detection of virus antigen in clinical specimens by immunoflourescent technique.

A

Rubulavirus

76
Q

● SPECIMENS for viral isolation include; saliva, CSF, and urine.

A

Rubulavirus

77
Q

● CELL LINE: Monkey kidney cells are preferred for virus isolation.

A

Rubulavirus

78
Q

● OUTCOME: Cytopathic effect in the form of multinucleate giant cell formation is detected; Haemadsorption test.

A

Rubulavirus

79
Q

Serology: Test employed include
● HAI test, CFT test and ELISA test.

A

Rubulavirus

80
Q

● Unequivocal diagnosis can be made only by laboratory tests such as IHC, cell culture isolation, PCR, or serology.

A

Henipavirus

81
Q

● IHC can reveal widespread presence of Nipah virus antigens in endothelial and smooth muscle cells of blood vessels, as well as in various parenchymal cells

A

Henipavirus

82
Q

● There is no vaccine.

A

Respirovirus

83
Q

● Aerosolized ribavirin can be used for treatment if necessary.

A

Respirovirus

84
Q

● In hospital wards, infected patients may be isolated.

A

Respirovirus

85
Q

Treatment: Supportive therapy

A

Morbillivirus

86
Q

● Rest and Hydration

A

Morbillivirus

87
Q

● Fever Control

A

Morbillivirus

88
Q

● Vitamin A Supplementation

A

Morbillivirus

89
Q

● Isolation and Rest

A

Morbillivirus

90
Q

● Vaccination (MMR Vaccine)

A

Morbillivirus

91
Q

● Herd Immunity

A

Morbillivirus

92
Q

● Vaccination Campaigns

A

Morbillivirus

93
Q

● Vitamin A Supplementation

A

Morbillivirus

94
Q

● Public Health Measures

A

Morbillivirus

95
Q

● Health Education

A

Morbillivirus

96
Q

● Supportive care

A

Rubulavirus

97
Q

● Case should be isolated till symptoms subside

A

Rubulavirus

98
Q

● Contacts should be kept under surveillance

A

Rubulavirus

99
Q

● Immunization

A

Rubulavirus

100
Q

● Mumps vaccine: Live attenuated,0.5 ml, IM MMR vaccine

A

Rubulavirus

101
Q

Travelers should not consume fallen fruit, raw date palm sap, or products made from raw sap.

A

Henipavirus

102
Q

A Hendra virus vaccine for horses has been licensed in Australia and has potential future benefit to prevent Henipavirus infections in humans, but no licensed vaccines for humans currently are available.

A

Henipavirus

103
Q

● Rhinorrhea, pharyngitis, laryngitis, croup, bronchitis, and pneumonia are some of the symptoms.

A

Respirovirus

104
Q

● Wheezing in children is possible.

A

Respirovirus

105
Q

● Flu-like symptoms can occur in adults.

A

Respirovirus

106
Q

● Cough, Coryza, Conjunctivitis, Photophobia

A

Morbillivirus

107
Q

● High hever

A

Morbillivirus

108
Q

● Koplik Spots : grain of salts

A

Morbillivirus

109
Q

● surrounded by red halo

A

Morbillivirus

110
Q

● rashes on the head and body vesicular lesions that lasts for 24 to 48 hours, usually 12 mm

A

Morbillivirus

111
Q

● One third cases: asymptomatic

A

Rubulavirus

112
Q

● Initial symptoms: ear ache on affected side, pain and stiffness on opening the mouth

A

Rubulavirus

113
Q

● Pain and swelling due to involvement of parotid, sublingual and submandibular glands,

A

Rubulavirus

114
Q

● Swelling subsides in 1-2 weeks Can affect testes, pancreas, ovaries, prostate, CNS

A

Rubulavirus

115
Q

● Severe cases: Fever 3-5 days

A

Rubulavirus

116
Q

● Orchitis (25-40% ): 7-10 days after parotitis, with high fever (Unilateral in 75% orchitis cases, Most common extra-salivary gland manifestation in adults)

A

Rubulavirus

117
Q

● Epididymitis

A

Rubulavirus

118
Q

● Pancreatitis(4%)

A

Rubulavirus

119
Q

● Mild form of meningitis

A

Rubulavirus

120
Q

● Thyroiditis, Neuritis, Hepatitis, Ovaritis, Oophoritis (5% adult women)

A

Rubulavirus

121
Q

● Spontaneous abortion (25% in pregnancy)

A

Rubulavirus

122
Q

● Hearing loss, Polyarthritis, Encephalitis, Cerebellar ataxia

A

Rubulavirus

123
Q

● severe influenza-like illness with dizziness, headache, fever, and myalgias.

A

Henipavirus

124
Q

● can progress to severe encephalitis with confusion, abnormal reflexes, seizures, and coma respiratory symptoms also might be present

A

Henipavirus

125
Q

Classified into two major species: Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) and Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV

A

Pneumovirus

126
Q

Human Metapneumovirus

A
127
Q

● Genomic Features: Four genetic lineages (A1, A2, B1, B2) identified through genetic sequencing.

A

Metapneumovirus

128
Q

● Unique Proteins: Fusion (F) and attachment (G) proteins aid in viral attachment and entry into host cells.

A

Metapneumovirus

129
Q

● Syncytia Formation: Ability to cause syncytia (fusion of infected cells), leading to cellto-cell spread.

A

Metapneumovirus

130
Q

● They enter the body through inhalation of respiratory droplets containing the virus or direct contact with contaminated surfaces.

A

Pneumovirus

131
Q

● spread from person to person via respiratory droplets

A

Metapneumovirus

132
Q

● Infects the respiratory tract epithelium, causing bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and respiratory distress.

A

Metapneumovirus

133
Q

Exhibits seasonal patterns, with increased transmission occurring during colder months in temperate climates (fall to spring).

A

HRSV

134
Q

This seasonality contributes to outbreaks and increased rates of infection, especially among young children.

A

HRSV

135
Q

Seasonal patterns vary by region but often coincide with periods of stress on cattle herds, such as during transportation, housing changes, or weather fluctuations.

A

BRSV

136
Q

● Global distribution, causing respiratory infections, particularly in children, elderly, and immunocompromised individuals.

A

Metapneumovirus

137
Q

● Seasonality: Commonly seen in late winter, spring, and early summer.

A

Metapneumovirus

138
Q

● Molecular Tests (RT-PCR):

A

HRSV

139
Q

● Antigen Detection Tests

A

HRSV

140
Q

● Viral Culture

A

HRSV

141
Q

● Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on respiratory samples (nasopharyngeal swabs, sputum) to detect viral RNA.

A

Metapneumovirus

142
Q

● Other Tests: Viral culture, immunofluorescence assays, serology, and antigen detection.

A

Metapneumovirus

143
Q

● Hand Hygiene

A

Pneumovirus

144
Q

● Respiratory Hygiene: coughing or sneezing, and proper disposal of used tissues

A

Pneumovirus

145
Q

● Avoiding Close Contact:

A

Pneumovirus

146
Q

● Cleaning and Disinfection:

A

Pneumovirus

147
Q

● Isolation and Quarantine Measures

A

Pneumovirus

148
Q

● Majority of the children infected can be managed at home with supportive care

A

Metapneumovirus

149
Q

● Hydration via Intravenous fluid and antiviral medications in severe cases

A

Metapneumovirus

150
Q

● Bronchodilators and corticosteroids

A

Metapneumovirus

151
Q

● Hygiene practices

A

Metapneumovirus

152
Q

● Handwashing

A

Metapneumovirus

153
Q

● Covering mouth while coughing/sneezing

A

Metapneumovirus

154
Q

● Don’t share food or eating utensils

A

Metapneumovirus

155
Q

● Practice social distancing especially when sick

A

Metapneumovirus

156
Q

Mild Respiratory Illness: infections can manifest as mild coldlike symptoms

A

HRSV

157
Q

● Runny or stuffy nose

A

HRSV

158
Q

● Cough

A

HRSV

159
Q

● Sneezing

A

HRSV

160
Q

● Sore throat

A

HRSV

161
Q

● Low-grade fever

A

HRSV

162
Q

● Severe Respiratory Illness in Infants and Young Children

A

HRSV

163
Q

In younger populations, particularly infants and toddlers, infections can lead to more severe respiratory illnesses

A

HRSV

164
Q

● Bronchiolitis

A

HRSV

165
Q

● Pneumonia

A

HRSV

166
Q

● Wheezing and difficulty breathing

A

HRSV

167
Q

● Cyanosis

A

HRSV

168
Q

Respiratory Disease in Calves: primarily affects calves and can result in respiratory illness, with clinical signs

A

Pneumovirus

169
Q

● Fever

A

Pneumovirus

170
Q

● Nasal discharge

A

Pneumovirus

171
Q

● Coughing

A

Pneumovirus

172
Q

● Difficulty breathing

A

Pneumovirus

173
Q

● Reduced appetite

A

Pneumovirus

174
Q

● Decreased weight gain

A

Pneumovirus

175
Q

● Bronchiolitis

A

Metapneumovirus

176
Q

● Croup

A

Metapneumovirus

177
Q

● Pneumonia

A

Metapneumovirus

178
Q

● Astma exacerbation

A

Metapneumovirus

179
Q

● Rhinorrhea

A

Metapneumovirus

180
Q

● Cough

A

Metapneumovirus

181
Q

● Fever

A

Metapneumovirus

182
Q

● Conjunctivitis

A

Metapneumovirus

183
Q

● Vomiting, Diarrhea

A

Metapneumovirus

184
Q

● Detection of specific antibodies (IgM, IgG) against HMPV indicating recent or past infection.

A

Metapneumovirus

MYCOLOGY AND VIROLOGY (24 decks)

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