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mycology and virology > VIROLOGY > Flashcards

VIROLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

Smallest infectious agent (?)

A

20 nm – 200 nm

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2
Q

Electron microscope (?) – larger size

A

20x20 nm – 250x300 nm

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3
Q

– contain no enzymes associated with energy

A

obligate parasite

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4
Q

Either [?] (bacteria is both)

A

RNA or DNA

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5
Q

Metabolism is entirely dependent on the [?] for biosynthesis

A

host cell

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6
Q

Requires [?] in order to replicate

A

living cells

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7
Q

largest DNA

A

Poxviridae (pox virus)

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8
Q

smallest DNA

A

Parvoviridae

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9
Q

largest RNA

A

Paramyxoviridae

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10
Q

smallest RNA

A

Enteroviridae (enetro virus)

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11
Q

Eschunna Code of ancient Mesopotamia

A

23 BC

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12
Q

Bite of mad dogs to affect human disease or “Rabies”

A

23 BC

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13
Q

The Natural History of Man

A

Aristotle

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14
Q

Reviewed madness in dogs

A

Aristotle

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15
Q

1796

A

Edward Jenner

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16
Q

Used cowpox to vaccinate against smallpox

A

Edward Jenner

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17
Q

VARIOLATION by Chinese

A

Edward Jenner

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18
Q

With Sarah Nelmes (milkmaid)

A

Edward Jenner

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19
Q

Small pox has been long eradicated

A

Edward Jenner

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20
Q

1885

A

Louis Pastuer

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21
Q

experimented with rabies vaccination

A

Louis Pastuer

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22
Q

termed ”virus” and “vaccination”

A

Louis Pastuer

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23
Q

experimented cholera, anthrax, rabies

A

Louis Pastuer

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24
Q

1886

A

John Buist

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25
Q

scottish pathologist

A

John Buist

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26
Q

stained lymph from skin lesions of a smallpox

A

John Buist

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27
Q

“elementary bodies” - infectious part of the microorganism

A

John Buist

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28
Q

Smallpox virus particles

A

John Buist

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29
Q

described the first “filterable” infectious agent called TMV

A

Dmitri Iwanowski

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30
Q

smallest virus; smaller than bacteria; isolated in plants (leaf of tobacco)

A

Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)

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31
Q

first to discriminate viruses and other infectious agents

A

Dmitri Iwanowski

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32
Q

1892

A

Dmitri Iwanowski

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33
Q

1898

A

Martinus Beijerinick

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34
Q

extended Iwanowski’s work with TMV (Tobacco Mosaic Virus)

A

Martinus Beijerinick

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35
Q

developed the concept of the virus as a distinct entity

A

Martinus Beijerinick

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36
Q

demonstrated foot and mouth disease

A

Friedrich Loeffier (1852-1915) and Paul Frosch (1860-1928)

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37
Q

first to prove that viruses also affects plants and animals

A

Friedrich Loeffier (1852-1915) and Paul Frosch (1860-1928)

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38
Q

1900

A

Walter Reed

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39
Q

demonstrated that yellow fever is spread by mosquitos/insect vectors

A

Walter Reed

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40
Q

proved that poliomyelitis is a virus

A

Karl Landsteiner and Erwin Popper (1868-1943)

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41
Q

proved that viruses also infects humans

A

Karl Landsteiner and Erwin Popper (1868-1943)

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42
Q

1908

A

Karl Landsteiner and Erwin Popper (1868-1943)

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43
Q

demonstrated that a virus (Rous sarcoma virus) can cause cancer in chickens

A

Francis Peyton Rous (1879-1970)

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44
Q

1911

A

Francis Peyton Rous (1879-1970)

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45
Q

discovered viruses infecting bacteria (bacteriophage)

A

Frederick Twort (1877-1950)

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46
Q

1915

A

Frederick Twort (1877-1950)

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47
Q

1917

A

Felix d’Herelle (1873-1949)

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48
Q

coins the term “bacteriophage”

A

Felix d’Herelle

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49
Q

1938

A

Max Theller (1899-1972)

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50
Q

developed a live attenuated vaccine against yellow fever transmitted via mosquito)

A

Max Theller (1899-1972)

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51
Q

1940

A

Helmuth Ruska (1908-1973)

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52
Q

used an electron microscope which showed complete virus particles or virions

A

Helmuth Ruska (1908-1973)

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53
Q

1941

A

George Hirst

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54
Q

demonstrated that influenza virus agglutinates red blood cells

A

George Hirst

55
Q

demonstrated that bacteriophages mutate

A

Salvador Luria (1912-1991) and Alfred Hershey (19081997)

56
Q

have an antigenic variation

A

Salvador Luria (1912-1991) and Alfred Hershey (19081997)

57
Q

1945

A

Salvador Luria (1912-1991) and Alfred Hershey (19081997)

58
Q

discovered interferon

A

Alick Isaacs and Jean Lindemann

59
Q

protein part of the natural defenses (intact skin, macrophages, wbcs)

A

Alick Isaacs and Jean Lindemann

60
Q

1957

A

Alick Isaacs and Jean Lindemann

61
Q

proposed a “slow virus” is responsible for the prion disease kuru or zombie

A

Carleton Gajdusek

62
Q

Kuru can be transmitted to chimpanzees

Eats human brains
Cannibalism

A

Carleton Gajdusek

63
Q

– human disease

A

Classic Creutzfeld Disease

64
Q

– infects sheeps and goats

A

Scrapie

65
Q

demonstrated that bacteriophage T4 uses host cell ribosomes

A

Sydney Brenner, Francois Jacob, and Matthew Meselson

66
Q

1961

A

Sydney Brenner, Francois Jacob, and Matthew Meselson

67
Q

discovered Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)

A

Baruch Blumberg

68
Q

First to develop anti-hepa B vaccine

A

Baruch Blumberg

69
Q

1963

A

Baruch Blumberg

70
Q

Aka non-A, non-B hepatitis

A

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)

71
Q

First infectious agent to be identified by molecular cloning of the genome

A

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)

72
Q

1989

A

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)

73
Q

1989: Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)

A

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)

74
Q

Function: encode proteins required for viral penetration, transmission and replication

A

NUCLEIC ACID

75
Q

RNA: plus stranded and minus stranded

A

NUCLEIC ACID

76
Q
  • can serve directly as mRNA
A

plus stranded

77
Q
  • anti-mRNA; needs the synthesis of a complementary RNA polymerase
A

minus stranded

78
Q

All DNA viruses are double stranded except

A

PARVOVIRIDAE

79
Q

All RNA viruses are single stranded except

A

REOVIRIDAE

80
Q

May be linear or circular

A

NUCLEIC ACID

81
Q

protein coat that encloses the genetic material

A

CAPSID

82
Q

protects the nucleic acid and enables virus to attach to and enter host cell

A

CAPSID

83
Q

Helical or Icosahedral

A

CAPSID

84
Q

: protein subunits

A

Capsomere

85
Q

complex of nucleic acid and capsid

A

NUCLEOCAPSID

86
Q

nucleic acid genome surrounded by a symmetric protein coat

A

NUCLEOCAPSID

87
Q

– the relationship of the nuclelc acid with the protein molecules yields a single rotational axis.

A

Helical Symmetry

88
Q

Helical Symmetry

A

TMV
Influenza virus

89
Q

– the nucleic acids ere condensed at the core of the structure and is surrounded by the protein coat

A

Icosahedral Symmetry

90
Q

Icosahedral Symmetry

A

Adenovirus

91
Q

Some large viruses have no regular symmetry

A

bacteriophage

92
Q

characterized by

A

20 triangle faces, 12 corners/apices & 30 edges

93
Q

the complete virus particle

A
94
Q

(w/o ourter membrane or capside) – more infectious

A

naked

95
Q

outer membrane surrounding the capsid aids in the attachment to host cell

A

ENVELOPE

96
Q

Glycoprotein that functions as attachment or as an enzyme

A

SPIKES

97
Q

A complete viral particle

A

VIRION

98
Q

With circular RNA, molecules

A

VIROID

99
Q

Without capsid and envelope

A

VIROID

100
Q

Viroid-like particles

A

VIRUSOIDS

101
Q

Passengers in virus capsids

A

VIRUSOIDS

102
Q

believed to consist of a single type of protein molecule without Nucleic Acid content

A

PRIONS

103
Q

most common cause of scrapie and CJD

A

PRIONS

104
Q

a receptor-binding protein – for attachment to different cells, then command as virus cell particle

A

VIRAL PROTEINS

105
Q

Viral enzymes:

A

NEURAMIDASE

106
Q

RNA polymerase:

A

TRANSCRIPTASE

107
Q

DNA polymerase:

A

REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE

108
Q

CENTRAL DOGMA
– DNA converted to RNA
– mRNA converted to protein

A

Transcription

Translation

109
Q

Bacterial virus (?)

A

bacteriophage

110
Q

Plant virus (?)

A

TMV

111
Q

Some arthropod-borne viruses (arbovirus); transmitted in a complex cycle Involving:

A

Birds
Herbivores
Mosquitoes
Ocassionally humans

112
Q

Mosquitoes – most common:

A

malaria, dengue, chikungunya, west nile virus

113
Q

: can infect several mammalian species, some of which act as vectors and transmit the disease to humans

A

Rabies virus

114
Q
  • can infect both humans and ducks, as a result of gene interchange between strains of predominantly avian and strains of predominantly human
A

Influenza Viruses

115
Q

the naked nuclerc acids of

A

most plus strand RNA and most are infectious

116
Q

the RNA’s from the double stranded and from the minus-strand RNA viruses are

A

not infectious

117
Q

According to Type of Genetic Material

A

RNA
DNA

118
Q

According to Shape of Capsid

A

Helical
Icosahedral

119
Q

Presence or Absence of Envelope

A

Naked
Enveloped

120
Q

the Initial stage in the infections stage of any virus.

A

ADSORPTION

121
Q

The virus adheres to specific recaptors, usual flycoproteins, on the host cef’s plasma membrane

A

ADSORPTION

122
Q

Attachment and recognition

A

ADSORPTION

123
Q

may be accomplished by membrane fusion or receptor mediated endocytosis

A

PENETRATION

124
Q

process by which different classes of viruses enter the host cell in which they are able to replicate

A

VIROPEXIS

125
Q

Non enveloped viruses may enter via translocation or pinocytosis, enveloped viruses typical enter via fusion once inside the host cell

A

PENETRATION

126
Q

the nucleocapsids migrate into the cytoplasm, where cytoplasmic proteases or Viral proteases digest the protein layers, releasing the nucleic acid

A

UNCOATING

127
Q

infectious agent cannot be recovered from culture

A

UNCOATING

128
Q

involves replication of the nuclelc acid, the site of which is variable and synthesis of viral proteins in the cytoplasm

A

SYNTHESIS

129
Q

structural proteins, genomes and enzymes are assembled

A

ASSEMBLY

130
Q

: viral envelopes are acquired from host’s cell membrane, may not result to rapid cell death

A

Budding

131
Q

causes rapid host cell death

A

Lysis

132
Q

Replication in the cytoplasm or nucleus

A

Naked Virus

133
Q

Budding

A

Enveloped

mycology and virology (24 decks)

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