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From Flashcardlet > exposures ch 11,12,13 > Flashcards

exposures ch 11,12,13 Flashcards

0
Q

Geometric factors that effect recorded detail (3)

A

Focal spot size

Object image distance

Source to image distance

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1
Q

Four radiographic properties

A 
Density.                 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Mas
KVp
Sid
Film
Screen
Grid
Beam restriction
Processing
Filtration
Pathology
Oid
Patient
Distortion
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Oid
Sid
Object alignment
Film alignment
Central ray alignment
Contrast
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
KVp
Beam restriction
Grid
Processing
Filtration
Oid
Patient
Film
Recorded detail
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Sid
Oid
Focal spot
Screen
Film
Contact
Motion
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2
Q

Material factors that effect recorded detail (2)

A

Film

Intensifying screens

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3
Q

Contact inside cassette between _____ and intensifying screen affects ____ ____

A

Film

Recorded detail

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4
Q

Motion of body during exposures effects ____ ____

_____ is effective way to control motion and using a ____exposure time

A

Motion of body during exposures effects recorded detail

Immobilization is effective way to control motion and using a short exposure time

.

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5
Q

Recorded detail p 130

_____ of the lines of the image

Sharp lines aka _____-good ____ ____

Blurry lines aka _____- bad ____ ____

A

Sharpeners of the lines of the image

Sharp lines aka umbra-good recorded detail

Blurry lines aka penumbra- bad recorded detail

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6
Q

Recorded detail lines effect whole image
P 130
Factors that can’t affect one part of image or leave parts affected is ____distortion

A

.Recorded detail lines effect whole image
P 130
Factors that can’t affect one part of image or leave parts affected is shape distortion

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7
Q

Visibility of detail p 130

Overall ____of finished radiograph

Aka ____ and ____

A

Overall quality of finished radiograph

Aka KVp and mas

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8
Q

Screen speed

Want_____ for detail but ____ patient dose

A

Want small for detail but increases patient dose

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9
Q

Resolution p 131

Ability of an imaging system to record two _____ structures as seperate structures

  • two small adjacent structures seen as two seperate individual images has good _____and good ____ ____
A

Ability of an imaging system to record two adjacent structures as seperate structures

  • two small adjacent structures seen as two seperate individual images has good resolution and good recorded detail
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10
Q

Resolution grid p 13

Measures?

A

Measures recorded detail

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11
Q

Factors effect recorded detail(7)

Acronym?

A

.Factors effect recorded detail(7)

Stat orders from surgery follow cutting mistakes

Sid
Oid
Focal spot size
Screen speed
Film speed
Contact of screen and film
Motion
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12
Q

Line pair of resolution grid p 132

____ line and slit or space next to it

Number written next to each line pair in millimeters

Good ____ and good _____ _____- _____ number of line pairs

A

Metal line and slit or space next to it

Number written next to each line pair in millimeters

Good resolution and good recorded detail- large number of line pairs

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13
Q

____ and ____ _____ are good when large number of line pairs per millimeters are resolved

In= more lines than cm, mm because bigger

A

.

Resolution and recorded detail are good when large number of line pairs per millimeters are resolved

In= more lines than cm, mm because bigger

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14
Q

All radiographs have some ____, but when seen by makes ____ it means poor recorded detail p 132

A

.

All radiographs have some unsharpness, but when seen by makes eye it means poor recorded detail p 132

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15
Q

Poor recorded detail p133

Lines in image will have area of _____ or blurry area around them

A

Lines in image will have area of unsharpness or blurry area around them

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16
Q

Penumbra p 133

Area of up____

Penumbra ____ the. Recorded detail ____

A

Area of unsharpness

Penumbra increases the. Recorded detail decreases

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17
Q

Edge gradient p 133

Amount of ____ ____. How sharp _____ of an object are on of image are

Edge gradient _____then recorded detail ____

A

Amount of recorded detail. How sharp edges of an object are on of image are

Edge gradient increased then recorded detail increase

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18
Q

Unsharpness ____ then recorded detail _____

A

Unsharpness increases then recorded detail decreases

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19
Q

As unsharpness ___increases_ , recorded detail _____. As unsharpness decreases , recorded detail _____

Penumbra increases the. Recorded detail _____

P 133

A

.

As unsharpness increases , recorded detail decreases. As unsharpness decreases , recorded detail increases

Penumbra increases the. Recorded detail decreass

P 133

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20
Q

Geometric factors affect recorded detail(3)

A

Size focal spot

Oid

Sid

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21
Q

Unsharpness increass then recorded detail ____ p 134

P 134

X-rays produced at ______ spot

Focal spot- area of _____ of X-ray tube that is hit with electrons from filament

Xray photons originate from ____ spot

Each _____ in beam forms it’s own image of object

If focal spot size smaller image will be spread out less and will appear ____on xray.

Small focal spot size ____ recorded detail because the photon originate from smaller area

A

P 134

X-rays produced at focal spot

Focal spot- area of anode of X-ray tube that is hit with electrons from filament

Xray photons originate from focal spot

Each photon in beam forms it’s own image of object

If focal spot size smaller image will be spread out less and will appear sharper on xray.

Small focal spot size better recorded detail because the photon originate from smaller area

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22
Q

Small focal spot size ____ recorded detail

P 135

A

.better

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23
Q

Object image distance p 135

Distance from ____ being xray to film and spot where ____is being taken

Controlled by techs ____ of patient

Oid increased unsharpness _____ and image has ____ recorded detail

Less oid- unsharpness ____, ____ recorded detail

A

Distance from object being xray to film and spot where image is being taken

Controlled by techs positioning of patient

Oid increased unsharpness increases and image has less recorded detail

Less oid- unsharpness decreases, more recorded detail

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24
Q

Small oid ____ recorded detail p 135

A

.more

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25
Q

Source to image distance p 135

Distance from _____to film

Sid increased, unsharpness _____, _____recorded detail

Sid deceased , unsharpness _____. ____ recorded detail

A

Distance from tube to film

Sid increased, unsharpness decreases, better recorded detail

Sid deceased , unsharpness increases. Less recorded detail

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26
Q

Large Sid ____recorded detail p 136

A

.Large Sid better recorded detail p 136

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27
Q

Size distortion p 136

Aka

A

Aka magnification

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28
Q

Size distortion and recorded detail both affected by ____and ____

Oid increases, ____recorded detail

Sid increases . ____magnification; _____ in recorded detail

A

.Size distortion and recorded detail both affected by Sid and oid

Oid increases, decreases recorded detail

Sid increases . Less magnification; increases in recorded detail

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29
Q

As magnification increases, recorded detail ______,

As magnification decreases, recorded detail ____

P 136

A

.As magnification increases, recorded detail decreases,

As magnification decreases, recorded detail increases

P 136

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30
Q

Image with shape distortion is produced parts within object lie at different ____

One part more ____

_________ ______ differs as well

A

.Image with shape distortion is produced parts within object lie at different oid

One part more magnification

Recorded detail differs as well

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31
Q

Geometric unsharpness formula

A

Focal spot size x object image size
_______________________________
Source object distance

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32
Q

____ focal spot or ____ oid the. _____ Sid for best detail

A

.

Smaller focal spot or smaller oid the. Larger Sid for best detail

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33
Q

Focal spot increased then amout unsharpness ____

A

.Focal spot increased then amout unsharpness increases

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34
Q

If oid increased amount of unsharpness ____

A

.If oid increased amount of unsharpness increases

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35
Q

Sid increased amount unsharpness ____

Sid formula

A

.Sid increased amount unsharpness decreases

Sid = oid + sod

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36
Q

Image width bigger than obj width?

Small Sid

Oid Big

A

Small Sid

Oid Big

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37
Q

____ size always smaller than _____ size

A

.

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38
Q

More recorded detail ____ distortion ____ penumbra____ umbra

A

.More recorded detail less distortion less penumbra

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39
Q

Object/ image formula

A

.Object width= sod
———– —–
Image width. Sid

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40
Q

% mag formula

A

Image size- obj size
———————- x 100
Obj size

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41
Q

Geometric factors fact recorded detail (3)

A

Focal spot size
Object image distance
Sid

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42
Q

Film speed

Relationship between ____ film receives and amount of ____ it’s able to record

Film speed effects ___ ___

A

Film speed effects recorded detail

Relationship between exposure film receives and amount of density it’s able to record

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43
Q

.Film speed represented on graph called ___ ___

Shows ____
____ scale
Exposure ____

Characteristic of type of ____
____ possess conditions used on film

A

.Film speed represented on graph called ___ ___

Shows ____
____ scale
Exposure ____

Characteristic of type of ____
____ possess conditions used on film

Film speed represented on graph called characteristic curve

Shows speed
Contrast scale
Exposure latitude

Characteristic of type of film
Monitor possess conditions used on film

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44
Q

Film parts(2)

A

Base

Emulsion

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45
Q

Base p 140

Base of xray film is sheet plastic made of ___ that is ___in thick

Safety base that will not ____ easily

A

Base of xray film is sheet plastic made of polyester that is 0.007 in thick

Safety base that will not burn easily

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46
Q

Dimensional stability p 140
Keeps ___ and ____ under all processing conditions , which can include subjecting the film to ____variations and ___scale variations

A

Keeps size and shape under all processing conditions , which can include subjecting the film to temperature variations and ph scale variations

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47
Q

Most film has ___ tint added when base is manufactured which absorbs ___%light from view box

Reduces ___ strain and absorbs some ____

Enhances radiographic ___

A

.Most film has blue tint added when base is manufactured which absorbs 15% light from view box

Reduces eye strain and absorbs some light

Enhances radiographic contrast

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48
Q

Emulsion p 14

_____ substance that is spread on ___

One side - ___ emulsion

Two sides- ___ emulsion

One layer emulsion is ____ in thick

Consists of microscopic crystals of ___ ____ suspended in gelatin where image is formed

A

Gelatin substance that is spread on base

One side - single emulsion

Two sides- double emulsion

One layer emulsion is 0.0005 in thick

Consists of microscopic crystals of silver bromide suspended in gelatin where image is formed

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49
Q

Emulsion consists of ____ ____ crystals suspended in a gelatin

P 141

A

Emulsion consists of silver bromide crystals suspended in a gelatin

P 141

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50
Q

Gelatin importance p 141

Colloid- capable of _____silver bromide crystals

Amphoteric- used with either an ____ or alkali ( important since one chemicals is used in auto processor, developer, an alkali solution and another chemical , the fixer, is an acid solution

A

Colloid- capable of suspending silver bromide crystals

Amphoteric- used with either an acid or alkali ( important since one chemicals is used in auto processor, developer, an alkali solution and another chemical , the fixer, is an acid solution

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51
Q

Base of film first coated with adhesive, it is sometimes called ____ layer

A

.

Base of film first coated with adhesive, it is sometimes called substratum layer

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52
Q

Super coating p 141

Protective coating applied to top of the_____ to protect it from scratching

A

Protective coating applied to top of the emulsion to protect it from scratching

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53
Q

Most common film p 141

A

Screen film

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54
Q

Common film size p 142(6)

A 
8x10
9.5 x 9.5
10x12
11x14
7x17
14x17
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55
Q

Intensifying screen gives off ____, which exposes the film

Type film in intensifying film is____ film

A

.

Intensifying screen gives off light, which exposes the film

Type film in intensifying film is screen film

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56
Q

Non screen film p 142

Designed be without intensifying screens. More sensitive X-rays than ____

In cased in light tight cardboard or plastic

Emulsion ____ than screen film and more ____

Patient dose _____

A

Designed be without intensifying screens. More sensitive X-rays than light

In cased in light tight cardboard or plastic

Emulsion thicker than screen film and more silver

Patient dose higher

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57
Q

Periapical film p 142

Very small non screen film used to produce radiographs of _____

A

Very small non screen film used to produce radiographs of teeth

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58
Q

Occlusal film p 142

Larger film tht used for special _____ radiographs

A

Larger film tht used for special intraoral radiographs

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59
Q

Magazine p 142

Light tight ____

Can be detached and taken to dark room

A

Light tight container

Can be detached and taken to dark room

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60
Q

105 mm camera p 142

Used as a spot film during ____ when rapid exposure are required

A

Used as a spot film during Fluro when rapid exposure are required

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60
Q

Leader p 142

A

One end of roll of film must be taped onto larger film

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61
Q

Franklin rapid film p 142

Device used during ____ procedure

A

Device used during angiogram procedure

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62
Q

Cineflurography p 142

Film Used during special procedure and also ____ catheterization lab

Uses different processor

A

Film Used during special procedure and also cardiac catheterization lab

Uses different processor

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63
Q

Mammo film is ____ emulsion

____ contrast and good recorded detail

A

.Mammo film is single emulsion

High contrast and good recorded detail

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64
Q

Duplicating p 14

Copy film is ____ emulsion used to copy X-rays

A

Copy film is single emulsion used to copy X-rays

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65
Q

Subtraction p 143

Used during angiogram during photographic technique designed subtract the superimposing bone away from angiographic image

Enables _____ be seen

A

Used during angiogram during photographic technique designed subtract the superimposing bone away from angiographic image

Enables arteries be seen

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66
Q

Automatic processor p 143

Develops and processes xray film

Takes ___-___secs

45 sec high temperature use

Transports with rollers

A

Develops and processes xray film

Takes 45-90 secs

45 sec high temperature use

Transports with rollers

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67
Q

Film goes(4)

A

.Film goes through developer, fixer, wash, dryer

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68
Q

Processor jams causes p 143

Too ___ or ____

A

Too light or fog

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69
Q

Developer p 144

___ solution

Film exposed ____ cassette , the silver bromide crystals in film emulsion changed by light and radiation hit film which produce ____ image

____ image is invisible image in film

Chemicals in developer reduces silver bromide crystals which produces visible ____image

A

Alkaline solution

Film exposed inside cassette , the silver bromide crystals in film emulsion changed by light and radiation hit film which produce latent image

Latent image is invisible image in film

Chemicals in developer reduces silver bromide crystals which produces visible manifest image

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70
Q

Developer reduces exposed silver bromide crystals to metallic silver

Developer has five agents

A

.Developer reduces exposed silver bromide crystals to metallic ___

Developer has ____ agents

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71
Q

Developer temperature affects ___ and ___

A

.Developer temperature affects density and contrast

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72
Q

Fixer pg 145

____solution

Removes unexposed and undeveloped silver bromide crystals aka ___film

Hardens and preserves image

A

Acid solution

Removes unexposed and undeveloped silver bromide crystals aka cleaning film

Hardens and preserves image

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73
Q

Wash p 145

Tank constant recirculates ___ which washes chemicals always from film

A

Tank constant recirculates water which washes chemicals always from film

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74
Q

Dryer p 145

Hot air ___ film

A

Hot air dryes film

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75
Q

Roller transport system p 146

Consists of roller , gears, chains, ____ and turnarounds

A

Consists of roller , gears, chains, crossovers and turnarounds

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76
Q

Rollers not paralleled but off set causing film to ____ and bend this agitates film in each chemicals

Travels down around and back up in each solution

A

.Rollers not paralleled but off set causing film to flex and bend this agitates film in each chemicals

Travels down around and back up in each solution

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77
Q

Turnaround rollers p 146

A

At bottom tank

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78
Q

Crossover rollers p 146

A

Top each section

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79
Q

Guide shoes p 146

A

Help film makes turns

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80
Q

Contamination p 147

____ accidentally splashed into developer

A

Fixer accidentally splashed into developer

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81
Q

Entrance rollers p 147

A

First two rollers of transport system

82
Q

Entrance rollers control film ____ rate and replenishment rte.

P 147

A

.Entrance rollers control film feeding rate and replenishment rte.

P 147

83
Q

Characteristic curve go 147

Graph used for ___ control of processor

Tells film ____, ____, ___ lattitude , and ____ function of automatic processor

Aka(3) curve

How film responds to gradually —- exposures

A

Graph used for quality control of processor

Tells film speed, contrast, exposure lattitude , and monitoring function of automatic processor

Aka h and d curve, d log e curve, and sensitmetric curve

How film responds to gradually increasing exposures

84
Q

Three ways curve produced p 147

Exposing section of film to very light exposure- exposure ____ then density double

Taking radiograph at step wedge aka penetrometer - shows _____ scale that looks like blocks of gradually decreasing densities and thinner steps have more density

Sensitometer- exposes film with light and produces image that looks like step wedge / ___system because not in xray room

A

Exposing section of film to very light exposure- exposure doubled then density double

Taking radiograph at step wedge aka penetrometer - shows grey scale that looks like blocks of gradually decreasing densities and thinner steps have more density

Sensitometer- exposes film with light and produces image that looks like step wedge / best system because not in xray room

85
Q

Characteristic curve plotted with ____ on vertical axis and ____of exposure of horizontal axis

Toe- area of under exposure of ____
- never drops to 0 because blue tint gives ____on densitometer aka base plus fog measurement

A

.

Characteristic curve plotted with _density__ on vertical axis and __log__of exposure of horizontal axis

Toe- area of under exposure of underexposure____
- never drops to 0 because blue tint gives _fog___on densitometer aka base plus fog measurement

86
Q

Threshold p 148

Area on curve that begins upward when films begins record ____

Shoulder- top curve and area of overexposure/ where films _____ from high exposure

A

Area on curve that begins upward when films begins record density

Shoulder- top curve and area of overexposure/ where films black from high exposure

87
Q

Dmax

Maximum ____ in film recorded

A

Maximum density in film recorded

88
Q

Straight line portion p 150

Area between ____and shoulder
Aka ___ or gamma

A

Area between threshold and shoulder

Aka slope or gamma

89
Q

Average gradient

Line drawn on slope representing ____ in image

A

Line drawn on slope representing densities in image

90
Q

Slope on radiograph and steepness give info of(3)

A

.Slope on radiograph and steepness give info of speed, contrast, exposure lattitude

92
Q

Know 150 chart

A

.

93
Q

Film speed p 150

Aka sensitivity

Measure of films ability to respond to ____ or light

A

Aka sensitivity

Measure of films ability to respond to radiation or light

94
Q

Curve of high speed film lies close to _____ line

A

.Curve of high speed film lies close to vertical line

95
Q

The ____ of film is a characteristic of film tht is determined during manufacture

A

.The speed of film is a characteristic of film tht is determined during manufacture

96
Q

Film speed ____ recorded detail

A

.Film speed decreases recorded detail

97
Q

Intensifying screens have speed so that ____of film and ____screen ultimately determines corded detail p 152

A

.Intensifying screens have speed so that speed of film and intensifying screen ultimately determines corded detail p 152

98
Q

Film with steep slope produces ____ contrast p 152

A

.Film with steep slope produces high contrast p 152

99
Q

Film ___ effects radiographic contrast like KVp and scatter

A

.Film contrast effects radiographic contrast like KVp and scatter

100
Q

Exposure lattitude allows room for ____

A

.Exposure lattitude allows room for error

101
Q

Film that displays ____ scale contrast will give wide exposure lattude

A

.Film that displays long scale contrast will give wide exposure lattude

102
Q

Medium density are is speed p 154

A

.

103
Q

Speed or medium density riding area is subtracted from ___ density reading area

A

.Speed or medium density riding area is subtracted from high density reading area

104
Q

Base plus fog p 154

Measures _____ resulting from tint in the base , plus any fog

A

Measures density resulting from tint in the base , plus any fog

105
Q

Sensitivity specs hit by ____ ( neg charge) silver ( pos charge)

Silver attracts sensitivity spec aka garney Mott theory

Has ____ image in sensitivity specs until processor to get ___

A

.Sensitivity specs hit by photons ( neg charge) silver ( pos charge)

Silver attracts sensitityvyt spec aka garney Mott theory

Has latent image in sensitivity specs until processor to get manifest

106
Q

Polyester gives ____ durability

A

.Polyester gives base durability

107
Q

Roentgen

Had piece glass with barium ____

By WWI

Used ____ nitrate film

Toxic fumes

A

By WWI

Used cellulose nitrate film

Toxic fumes

108
Q

Film then cellulose ___

Burns

A

.

Film then cellulose acetate

Burns

109
Q

End WWII

____

Melts then burns

Why?
____

A

.End WWII

Polyester

Melts then burns

Why?
Durable

110
Q

Parallel view

Xray ____ out image

A

Parallel view

Xray spreads out image

111
Q

Double emulsion

____ detail/ ___ speed

A

Less detail/ fast speed

112
Q

Single emulsion

Creates some ____

Color black opposite side antihalation layer

Absorbs some white light

Mor detail

  • no parallex view
  • ____ layer
  • slow ____
A

Creates some scatter

Color black opposite side antihalation layer

Absorbs some white light

Mor detail

  • no parallex view
  • antihalation layer
  • slow speed
113
Q

Temperature of developer puts ____ on film

A

.Temperature of developer puts dentiy on film

114
Q

Blue dye in polyester adds ____ and limits white light coming through

A

.Blue dye in polyester adds density and limits white light coming through

115
Q

Shoulder - dmax- ___ density

Toe- dmin- ____ density

A

.Shoulder - dmax- most density

Toe- dmin- least density

116
Q

Hd curve formula

A

Change x

117
Q

Closer y axis ___ speed

____ always on film

Base + fog density

A

.Closer y axis faster speed

Density always on film

Base + fog density

118
Q

Slope line- old/grey/____ detail

Up down line- black and white/ fast/ ____ detail

A

.Slope line- old/grey/more detail

Up down line- black and white/ fast/ less detail

119
Q

Today film- digital

No ____ or ____

1st line on curve _____ and _____contrast

More ____ latitude

A

No toe/ shoulder

1st line on curve fastest and more contrast

More exposure latitude

120
Q

Crossover rollers aka ___ rollers- drain excess

____ rollers feed tray

___ roller bottom tank

A

.Crossover rollers aka squeegy rollers- drain excess

Entranc rollers feed tray

Deep roller bottom tank

121
Q

Developer temp

A

90-95 f

122
Q

Never have ____ in developer

A

.Never have fixer in developer

123
Q

Less solution time the film is ____

A

.Less solution time the film is lighter

124
Q

Fixer- 2 x cleaning time ( fixes image to ___- hold it)

A

.Fixer- 2 x cleaning time ( fixes image to base- hold it)

125
Q

Dryer temp

A

135 f

126
Q

Rollers help

Chemistry of film ____

____ remains constant

A

.Rollers help

Chemistry of film constant

Temp remains constant

127
Q

Developing and reducing

Reduces exposed silver bromide to metallic ___

Develops the ____ areas ; fast acting

A

.Developing and reducing

Reduces exposed silver bromide to metallic silver

Develops the grea areas ; fast acting

128
Q

Accelerator, activator, alkali

Swells emulsion ; maintains ____ ph level

A

.Accelerator, activator, alkali

Swells emulsion ; maintains alkaline ph level

129
Q

Restrainer

Prevents developer from ____ unexposed silver bromide; controls ___( only what needs be developed)

A

.Restrainer

Prevents developer from reducing unexposed silver bromide; controls fog( only what needs be developed)

130
Q

Preservative

Prolongs ___ of developer and fixer

A

Prolongs life of developer and fixer

131
Q

Hardener

Keeps ____ from becoming to soft( tanning)

A

Keeps emulsion from becoming to soft( tanning)

132
Q

Fixing, clearing

Removes unexposed and undeveloped ____ bromide crystals ; clears the film- hold image

A

Removes unexposed and undeveloped silver bromide crystals ; clears the film- hold image

133
Q

Activator, acid

Stops the action of _____ ; maintains the acid ph level

A

Stops the action of developer ; maintains the acid ph level

134
Q

Increased speed

Developer temp too \_\_\_\_
Over\_\_\_\_ 
\_\_\_\_\_ not set to zero
Film \_\_\_\_
Safelight \_\_\_\_
A

.Increased speed

Developer temp too high
Overreplenishment 
Densitometer not set to zero
Film fog
Safelight fog
135
Q

Decreased speed

Developer temp too ____
Under____

A

.Decreased speed

Developer temp too low
Undereplenishment

136
Q

Contrast variations

Developer temp too \_\_\_ and too \_\_\_\_
Film\_\_\_\_
Safelight \_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_ of chemicals
Over and under \_\_\_\_\_
A 
Developer temp too high and too low
Film fog
Safelight fog
Contamination of chemicals
Overreplenishment
Underrplenishment
137
Q

Base plus fog variations

Developer temp too \_\_\_ and too \_\_\_\_
Under\_\_\_\_
Film \_\_\_
Safelight \_\_\_
\_\_\_\_ of chemicals
A 
Developer temp too high and too low
Undereplenishment
Film fog
Safelight fog
Contamination of chemicals
138
Q

____ and ____ _____are material factors affecting recorded detail

P 158

A

.Films and intensifying screens are material factors affecting recorded detail

P 158

139
Q

Geometric factors affect recorded detail(3)

A

Sid
Oid
focal spot

140
Q

Intensifying systems three things change p 158

A

Density
Recorded detail
Patient exposure

141
Q

___ in the intensifying screens give off light when X-rays hit them. Light diffusion is problem withnintensying screens and cause ___ recorded detail. Poor screen ____ also a problem.

A

.Phosphors in the intensifying screens give off light when X-rays hit them. Light diffusion is problem withnintensying screens and cause loss recorded detail. Poor screen contract also a problem.

142
Q

When changing intensifying screen speed the tech must also change ____ because each new speed value produces a new ___

P 158

A

.When changing intensifying screen speed the tech must also change mas because each new speed value produces a new density

P 158

143
Q

Radiographs without intensifying screens called ____ exposure

Large patient exposure

A

.Radiographs without intensifying screens called direct exposure

Large patient exposure

144
Q

Dr systems p 15

Image appears on tv( _____ ray tube)

(3) can be enhanced

A

Image appears on tv( cathodes ray tube)

Density contrast and recorded detail can be enhanced

145
Q

Intensifying screens two parts

Screens inside cassette in pairs with film between them

A

Base

Active layer

146
Q

Base p 158

___ or cardboard

Flexible and rugged

Has ____ reflecting surface directs the light given off intensifying screens back to film

A

Plastic or cardboard

Flexible and rugged

Has white reflecting surface directs the light given off intensifying screens back to film

147
Q

Active layer

Contains ____ suspended in a matrix and is coated with protective layer

A

Contains phosphors suspended in a matrix and is coated with protective layer

148
Q

Intensifying screen construction (3)

A

Has base, emulsion contacting, and protective layer

149
Q

Luminescence p 159

Ability of material to ____ light

A

Ability of material to emit light

150
Q

Phosphor

Material that emits light when struck by _____ photons

A

Material that emits light when struck by xray photons

151
Q

Amout light emitted by phosphor after it is hit by xray photons corresponds to how much radiation got through patients body and into the phosphors

Lots radiation is _____

A

.brighter

152
Q

When xray exposure , intensifying screen phosphors contain image of patient body part and transferred to ____

A

.When xray exposure , intensifying screen phosphors contain image of patient body part and transferred to film

153
Q

Light of xray is isotrpoically which means all directions

A

Light of xray is ______ which means all directions

154
Q

Fluorescence p 159

Ability of material to give off ____ when struck by X-rays

A

Ability of material to give off light when struck by X-rays

155
Q

Phospherence p 160

Continued light ___ after X-rays have been turned off

Increases ___ on film

Aka 2

A

Continued light emission after X-rays have been turned off

Increases density on film

Aka after glow or screen log

156
Q

Light diffusion p 160

Lack of ____ detail on radiograph produced with intensifying screens

____ recorded detail

Space between _____ and film where light spreads out

A

Lack of recorded detail on radiograph produced with intensifying screens

Reduces recorded detail

Space between phosphor and film where light spreads out

157
Q

Screen speed p 160

Ability of screen to respond to ____

Increasing screen speed gives off _____ light then ______ density

Slower speeds ___ light and ____density

A

Ability of screen to respond to radiation

Increasing screen speed gives off more light then increases density

Slower speeds less light and less density

158
Q

Screen speed ___ patient dose

Faster screen speeds require ___ radiation

Faster screens ____ light diffusion and ____ recorded detail

A

.Screen speed reduces patient dose

Faster screen speeds require less radiation

Faster screens increase light diffusion and decrease recorded detail

159
Q

Fast screen produce ____ recorded detail

Slower screens ____ recorded detail

A

.Fast screen produce less recorded detail

Slower screens more recorded detail

160
Q

Increase screen speed by putting ____layers of phosphor

_____ light diffusion and ____ recorded detail,

A

.Increase screen speed by putting more layers of phosphor

Increases light diffusion and reduces recorded detail,

161
Q

Increasing phosphor size increases screen speed but

Increases light diffusion due to further travel of light

A

.Increasing phosphor size _____ screen speed but

____ light diffusion due to further travel of light

162
Q

Poor screen contact due to _____ distance of phosphor and film ____ light diffusion and produces ____recorded detail

A

.Poor screen contact due to increased distance of phosphor and film increases light diffusion and produces less recorded detail

163
Q

Poor screen contact____ recorded detail

A

.Poor screen contact reduces recorded detail

164
Q

Larger cassette have ____poor screen contact

A

.more

165
Q

Two different intensifying screens

A

.Two different intensifying screens

Calcium tungstate

Rare earth

166
Q

Calcium tungstate intensifying screen

Phosphor used in this system ____ tungstate

Emits blue- ____ light when struck by xray

A

Phosphor used in this system calcium tungstate

Emits blue- violet light when struck by xray

167
Q

Rare earth intensifying screens

Uses gadolinium , lanthanum, or yttrium

Emits ____- green light

____ speed

Same recorded detail as ____ speed calcium tungstate

_____ radiation dose to,patient

Better _____ efficiency

A

Uses gadolinium , lanthanum, or yttrium

Emits yellow- green light

Faster

Same recorded detail as high speed calcium tungstate

Reduced radiation dose to,patient

Better conversion efficiency

168
Q

Rare earth phosphors have better _____efficiency

A

.Rare earth phosphors have better conversion efficiency

169
Q

Conversion efficiency ability to convert xray energy to light

rare earth phosphors emit ___ light than calcium tungstate phosphors

Rare earth ____ speed

____ recording recorded detail

____light diffusion and ____ recorded detail

A

.Conversion efficiency ability to convert xray energy to light rare earth phosphors emit more light than calcium tungstate phosphors

Rare earth increased speed

Less recording recorded detail

Increased light diffusion and reduces recorded detail

170
Q

Spectral matching

____ out color of light given off by screens

A

.Spectral matching subtract out color of light given off by screens

171
Q

Slow screen produce ____density than the higher speed screens

Have change ____ factors

A

.Slow screen produce less density than the higher speed screens

Have change exposure factors

172
Q

Screen speeds (5)

A

Detail

Medium

Par

Fast

High

173
Q

Relative speed value (Rsv)

A value of ____chosen for medium or par speed screen

A

A value of 100 chosen for medium or par speed screen

174
Q

Calculating new mas with screen speed

A

Mas x to
—-
From

175
Q 
50- 2
100-1
200-.5
300-.33
400-.25
500-.2
600-.17
700-.14
800-.125
A

.

176
Q

Dr

Density- ____

Contrast- ____ scale

Recorded detail- _____

A

Density- brightness

Contrast- gray scale

Recorded detail- resolution

177
Q

Matrix

How many ____ pictures have on monitor

More ____ and ____ detail

A

How many squars pictures have on monitor

More grey and Bette detail

178
Q

Pixel

Little part of _____

A

Little part of matrix

179
Q

Voxel

Depth of ____

A

.Voxel

Depth of matrix

180
Q

Computer assigns number to ___

Corresponds to ____ in patient body then turned into shade ____

A

.Computer assigns number to pixel

Corresponds to radiation in patient body then turned into shade grey

181
Q

Brightness of image on CRT is same as ____ on radiograph

A

.Brightness of image on CRT is same as density on radiograph

182
Q

Image brightness on dr

Short scale dr

Most color?

Few ____

Long scale dr

Lot ____

A

Short scale dr

Most black and white

Few greys

Long scale dr

Lot greys

183
Q

Film order

A

.Developer

Fix

Wash

Dry

  • never in reverse
184
Q

Developer ph ___-___(basic)

Neutral ph- ____

Fixer ph- slightly acidic ____

A

.

185
Q

Developer makes ___ image ( invisible)to ___ (visible )image

Aka accelerator

A

.

Developer makes latent image ( invisible)to manifest (visible )image

Aka accelerator

186
Q

Fixer tank

Holds ____;stops developing more

A

Holds image;stops developing more

187
Q

Fixing = ___x cleaning

A

.

188
Q

Image disappears- printing out

Phosphorous fade out

8 hrs start lose image

A

.

189
Q

Print film never lose image

Rollers transport and mix solution

A

.

190
Q

H and d curve
Aka

Today’s dr- no _____ or ____ - looks like slanted straight line

Dmin- ____ color

Dmax- ____ color

A

Herter and dryfield

Today’s dr- no toe/ shoulder - looks like slanted straight line

Dmin- cleanish color

Dmax- black

191
Q

Film h and d curve

A

S shaped

192
Q

Digital has more ____ then cr

A

.Digital has more greys then cr

193
Q

Densitometer

Measure ____

A

Measure density

194
Q

Sensitometer

Puts ____ on film

A

Puts strip on film

195
Q

H and d curve

More ____ with bigger curve- black/ white- ____ speed

Less curve , _____- more grey- _____ exposure lattitude, _____ time

A

More contrast with bigger curve- black/ white- faster

Less curve , straight- more grey- wider exposure lattitude, longer time

196
Q

Know pg 155

A

.

197
Q

Dr uses ip plate not intensifying screen

A

.

198
Q

Fluro uses ____ ( longer 10 -8)

Fluorescence (stops before 10 - 8)

_____- diverges all different ways

A

Fluro uses phospherences ( longer 10 -8)

Fluorescence (stops before 10 - 8)

Istropic- diverges all different ways

199
Q

Penumbra

4

A

Blur, unsharpness, fuzzy, poor edge gradient

200
Q

Rare earth phosphor

____ speed

____ dose

Need less ____

A

Faster

Lower dose

Need less mas

201
Q

____ speed- ____ screen- more ____

A

.Less speed- slow screen- more mas

202
Q

Cr and dr

Dr ___ to computer

Directly to ____ scale

A

Dr fast to computer

Directly to grey scale

203
Q

Measure resolution

Line pairs per____

More line pairs , ___ detail

A

Line pairs per mm

More line pairs , better detail

204
Q

Double emulsion

___ speed , ____ patient dose

A

.Double emulsion

Fast speed , less patient dose

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