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From Flashcardlet > rad bio test 2 review > Flashcards

rad bio test 2 review Flashcards

1
Q

In DR Spatial Resolution is limited by ____

A

Pixels

ch17

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2
Q

Matrix and Pixel Correlation

A

large matrix size, small pitch, small pixel size

ch17

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3
Q

pixels vs Voxels

A

voxel is many pixels

ch17

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4
Q

Number of pixels determined by ______

A

size of matrix

ch17

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5
Q

____ pixel size better Spatial resolution

A

smaller

ch17

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6
Q

AS the SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio ) increases, ____ increases and useful info goes down, which lowers ___ ___
- 200/1 or 1000/1 , which has better signal?

A

noise
contrast resolution
1000/1

p 312

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7
Q

Hd, cr/dr, Fluro MAgnittude

A

Hd- 10 ^0-10^- 3 magnitude

Cr/dr- 10^0-10^4- 4 mag

Fluro- 10^0-10^5- 5 mag

  • beam quality

-

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8
Q

Focal SPot blur is blurred at the _____ of focal spot

A

Edge

p 177

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9
Q

artifacts

A

look at CH 19

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10
Q

linearity exposure

A

?

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11
Q

Wire Mesh Test

A

Screen film contact

Wire goes on top

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12
Q

QA test is a ____ report

A

repeat

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13
Q

Aprons shall be tested ____: should be tested every ____

A

annually

every 6 months

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14
Q

NOISE limits ____ ____

A

P 163, 312

Noise limits contrast resolution

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15
Q

structure vs Quantum Mottle

p 163

A

structure- issue with patient ex resp, motion

Quantum- technique/exposure problem - caused by too high KVp for mas

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16
Q

pixels vs line pairs

A

ch.17

Smaller the pixels , better spatial resolution , which means more line per mm

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17
Q

technique creep vs dose creep

p.316

A

tech- digital
dose- non digital

Technique creep should replace dose creep

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18
Q 
hd curve
p 165, 169 know
- for
Know heel toe shoulder
- less curve means?
- straight line in?
A

for linear/digital

  • know heel/toe/shoulder
  • better resolution is less curve
  • straight line - DR

2 faster closer y axis

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19
Q

Tests for focal Spot size

p 344

A

slit,pinhole,star pattern

- slit easiest to use

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20
Q

QA/QC Steps

A

see cards ch 20 - pg 3424-343

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21
Q

vignetting

p. 408

A

blurring of edges of the image

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22
Q

rectifier error vs timer function

  • aka? Get?phase?
  • formula
  • aka? Phase?get?formula?
A

-spinning top test- get dots, full wave,
formula- time station x 120= Answer in Dots
- half wave- time stations 60

  • Synchronise Test- 3 phase Generator and up: Arcs and Angles

Formula- Time Station x 360= Answer in angles

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23
Q

How tell is its a synchronise error or rectifier error?

A
  • if exactly 1/2 its a rectifier error

- other than 1/2 it is a timer error

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24
Q

collimator light is a _____ at a _____ angle

A

mirror

45 degree

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25
Q

wisconson/step wedge test p 354

A

kvp test

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26
Q

densitometer

A

measures density

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27
Q

penitrometer

A

measures contrast

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28
Q

sensitometer

  • made of
  • for?
A
  • sensitivity of the processor

made of aluminum and is used with optical step wedge to make a characteristic curve

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29
Q

gray scale contrast resolution aka

A

detail

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30
Q

tube housing leakage rate

A

100mr/hr at 1 m

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31
Q

PBL

A

positive beam limitation to size of cassette and reduces scatter

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32
Q

which has less patient dose high frequency, three phase, single phase?

A

high frequency

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33
Q

linearity, reciprocity, reproducibility

A

??

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34
Q

pyrex thinnest at _____ which lets xray through

A

window

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35
Q

if light bulb in the viewbox, lights go out you must change ____

A

all bulbs

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36
Q

timer greater than 10ms needs be accurate within ____

A

5%

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37
Q

timer less than 10ms needs be accurate within ____

A

20%

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38
Q

purpose of QA/QC

A

minimize downtimes

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39
Q

fingernail markings aka 2

A

crescent shape, kink mark

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40
Q

minimal filtration for a chest xray

A

2.5 mm of al or al equivalent at greater than 70 kvp

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41
Q

ionization chamber vs phototimer

A

top- ionization chamber

bottom- phototimer

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42
Q

primary beam use factor

A

primary- 1

secondary- need 7ft wall

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43
Q

secondary beam needs wall __

A

7ft

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44
Q

the filter in the film badge

A

filter go across with the thicker portion to the end

- low dose- filtration

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45
Q

the backup timer should be set ___ than the timer

A

longer

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46
Q

deadman switch should terminate when?

A

foot is taken off peddle

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47
Q

minimum distance for stationary and mobile fluro?

A

stationary- 15 cm

mobile- 12 cm

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48
Q

bucky slot cover filter which body part? amount?

A

gonads

- 0.25 mm of AL

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49
Q

4 required things on image?

A

date
facility
name
age

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50
Q

a QC program must have a ____ on it

A

physcist

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51
Q

10 Step QA program?

- created by

A

pg 342

-JCAHO

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52
Q

a blank area on an image is caused by?

A

artifact

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53
Q

patterns in QA called?

A

trends

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54
Q

why is density deviated across an image?

A
  • not centered due to transcenter lock malfunction
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55
Q

static artifacts

  • what
  • aka 3
  • cause and % humidity
A

build up of electrons in the emulsion and noticeable during winter and extreme humidity

  • aka tree, smudge, crown
  • 40-60% low humidity
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56
Q

step wedges

A

p 145

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57
Q

guide shoe lines vs pie lines

p 233

Effect on density and travel

A

guide shoe misaligned- neg density on image- parallel travel marks
- pie lines-pos density from rollers-perp to travel

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58
Q

repeat rate should be ?

A

less than or = to 4-6%

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59
Q

tomo slices are accurate within ?

A

5%

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60
Q

sensitometer checks

A

processors

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61
Q

reticulation marks on film caused by?

A
  • excessive heat

- wavy curls on image

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62
Q

frilling

A

when seperates on the edge of the image

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63
Q

beam alignment test aka

A

penny test

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64
Q

QA principle based on?

A

ALARA

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65
Q

3 cardinal rules

A

time
shileld
distance

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66
Q

grid ratio increases as SID _____, not much divergence then grid ___ ___

A

increase

cut off

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67
Q

turnaround time is a ___ issue

A

QA issue

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68
Q

SMPTE ( Society of Motion Picture Television and television engineers

A
  • created resolution tool

p 364

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69
Q

film screen test is called ? unit?

A

wire mesh test

- line pairs per mm

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70
Q

resolution pattern used for ?

A

digital

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71
Q

processor silver return from?

- ___ return

A

from washer

- 50%

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72
Q

HVL vs TVL? How many HVL in TVL?

A
  1. 3

- p140

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73
Q

phototimer shuts off ___sec or ___mas

A
  • 6 sec

- 600 mas

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74
Q

entrance skin dose ( ESD) for an adult averages __ to __ (__ to ___) during fluroscopy: easily resulting in a skin dose of ___(___) for many fluoroscopic exams

A
  • 30 to 50 mGyt/min (3 to 5 R/min)

- 100mGyt (10 Rad)

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75
Q

ESD shall not exceed ____ (___)

A

100mGyt/min

- 10 R/min

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76
Q

magnification

____ space mean ____ detail

A

smaller space

- bigger detail

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77
Q

window width

window level

A
  • contrast

- brightness/density

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78
Q

image intensifier ___ than pixel size

A

larger

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79
Q

larger matrix ___ pixel size

A

smaller

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80
Q

more detail ____ pixel size

A

smaller

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81
Q

voxel adds ___ to image

A

depth

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82
Q

CCD splits image into different destinations, if not working____ image quality

A

poor

- p 420

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83
Q

input vs output phosphor

A

input bigger, output smaller

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84
Q

advantages of CCD

A

p 422

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85
Q

cold anode can cause ___

A

cracks

86
Q

lag

A
  • delay that degrades image
87
Q

blooming

A
  • looks like halo, which appears bigger than actual size
88
Q

NOISE

A

pg 423

89
Q

vignetting

A

white on image

90
Q

dynamic range of each pixel

A
  • number of pixels
  • method of storage depends on the speed with which the image is acquired, processed, and transferred to the output phosphor
91
Q

k absorption edge

A

inner electron shell has ability to fill system and max contrast resolution can be seen

92
Q

QA deals with ___

A

people

93
Q

QC deals with __

A

equipment

94
Q

which deals with repeat rate?

A

QA

95
Q

inherent filtration in?

added filration in?

A

pyrex housing

- outside pyrex, yet inside tube housing

96
Q

___focal spot used more? replaced more?

A

large, so replaced more

97
Q

pinhole test, star pattern, slit camera test

A

pg 344-345

98
Q

ripples

  • single phase
  • 3 phase six pulse
  • 3 phase 12 pulse
  • high frequency
A
  • 100%
  • 13-14%
  • 3-4%
  • less than 1%
99
Q

skip area

A

area blank of density due to algorithmn

100
Q

pitch

A

measure from one pixel to adjacent center of another pixel

101
Q

look ch 36

A

p 551

102
Q

digital photocells used

A

ionization chamber

103
Q

how check detail?

A

lage matrix size
small pitch
small pixel size

104
Q

measures detail? unit?

A

line pairs per unit

- more pairs better resolution or detail

105
Q

good detail (geometric)

A
  • less oid
  • greater SID
  • small focal spot
  • center proper
  • optimum KVP
106
Q

how to mask detail?

A

too high/low kvp or mas

107
Q

photographic properties

A

contrast/density

108
Q

who made television detail?

A

SMPTE

109
Q

Dynamic Range Pixels

A

number of greys seen

110
Q

___ SNR give good detail

A

high

111
Q

motion on digital image looks ____

A

white specs

112
Q

more ___ ___ ___ will decrease motion artifacts and SNR

A

frames per second

113
Q

smaller field of view is ___ focal spot

-aka

A
  • small

- fractional focal spot

114
Q

resolution test panel tests?

A

focal spot

115
Q

pixel size formula?

A

FOV
_____
matrix

116
Q

bigger FOV = ____ pixel

A

bigger

117
Q

logrythmic formula

A

incident light
_________
light transmitted

118
Q

ch 10

A

pg 183 blue box

119
Q

grids clean up ____

- ____ grid ratio, better clean up

A

scatter

- high

120
Q

collimation reduces ____

A

scatter

121
Q

attenuation

A

absorption + scatter

122
Q

canting aka

A

angled

123
Q

more grid clean up allow for ____ SID

A

larger

124
Q

low GRID ___ SID

high GRID___SID

A

low

HIGH

125
Q

GRIDS ___ patient DOSE

A

increase

126
Q

QC test for GRIDS

A

finger technique on GRID

127
Q

Penny test QC

A

collimation/center test

128
Q

Step wedge test

A

kvp

129
Q

reproducibility vs linearity p 550

  • %
  • what
A

linearity- 10%- kvp,mas,time using diff combo

reproducibility- 5%- same mas,kvp,time using same combo

130
Q

light field should = ___% of SID

A

2%

131
Q

penny test, pinhole test draw error to ____

  • % of Sid
  • why would be off?
A

corner

  • plus or minus 2% of SID
  • out of wack due to angle ( mirror system, crosshairs get jared)
132
Q

scatter is ____th times less

A

1000th or 1
____
1000

133
Q

primary barrier - lead/concrete

Secondary- lead/ concrete

A
  • 1/16 of inch PB/ 4 ft concrete

- 1/32 of inch PB/2ft

134
Q

window and apron are examples

A

secondary barrier

135
Q

tube housing attenautes

A

100 mr/hr at 1m from the source

136
Q

added filtration

inherent filtration

A
  • 2 mm of al

- 0.5 mm of al

137
Q

primary rad is aka

A

useful beam

138
Q

controlled vs uncontrolled

A

p 555

Controlled- area occupied by radiology personnel
- less than 1 msv/ wk( 100mrem)

Uncontrolled- public
- 1msv/yr based off public dose

139
Q

cutie pie

  • measure
  • ex
  • how works?
A

measures controlled area

  • ex doors
  • laser stimulated aluminum oxide
140
Q

osl/tld use

  • made of?
  • sensitivity vs film
  • need change?
A

lithium flurohide

  • more sensitive than film
  • need change quarterly
141
Q

Geiger-muller

A

reads radioactivity

142
Q

Gen Population doses- 10x less

  • freq
  • infreq
  • student
A
  • 0.1 r/YR
  • 0.5 R/yr
  • 0.1 R/YR
143
Q

Tech dose yearly

A

5 R/YR

144
Q

pg 579

A

know chart

145
Q

most occupational dose from 2

A

fluro/portable

146
Q

exposure chord should be

  • ft?
  • m?
A
  • 6ft

- 2m

147
Q

exposure formula

A

rate x time

- Gya or R

148
Q

stochastic response is ____

A

probablitic

149
Q

nonstochastic response is

A

severity/deterministic

150
Q

RAD weighting factor aka

A

LET/Quality

151
Q

xrays originate in? Gamma Rays?

A
  • electron cloud

- nucleaus

152
Q

shall vs should

A

shall must be

should should be

153
Q

life time dose formula

A

age x 1 rem

154
Q

yearly tech dose

A

5 REM

155
Q

Mobile Fluro- c-arm

Fixed Fluro

A

12-15 cm(30-38cm). Shall be 12 cm should be 15cm

15-18cm(38-45cm) shall be 15cm should be 18cm

156
Q

Annual recommended occupational dose

A

50msv/yr

0.05 sv

5000 rem

157
Q

Annual effective occupational dose

A

50 msv(5000 rem)

158
Q

Public effective dose

A

1msv( 100mrem)

159
Q

Annual student dose

A

1 msv( 1000mrem)

160
Q

Annual fetal dose

A

5msv(500mrem)

161
Q

Monthly fetal dose

A

0.5 msv( 50mrem)

162
Q

Histograms

A

Spike closer to where bone is and valleys where greys are

163
Q

Uncontrolled vs controlled

A

Pg 555

164
Q

Recommend Fluro filtration

A

3 mm of al

165
Q

Fluro use factor- where

A

1

  • ceiling
166
Q

Xray use factor? Where?

A

1

- floor

167
Q

Controlled dose

A

Less 1 msv/wk

168
Q

Uncontrolled area dose

A

1 msv/yr

169
Q

Nrcp report 102 for

A

Fluro

170
Q

3 ways check equipment

A

Visual
Acceptance test- monitor
Environmental test- routine maintainence

171
Q

Step wedge/ Wisconsin test aka

A

Penetrometer

172
Q

Photometer measures? Units?

A

Light

- candela

173
Q

3 static problems

A

Crown
Tree
Smudge

174
Q

Most common static problem?

A

Low Humidity

175
Q

Type noise on cr cassette

A

Tribidity

176
Q

Streaking artifacts aka

A

Aliasing

177
Q

Two things important for aec

A

Cr

Positioning

178
Q

Aec uses?

A

Cells

179
Q

Tomo accuracy

A

Plus or minus 5mm

180
Q

Tomo measurement ?

A

Above the table

181
Q

Ability to see closely spaced objects

A

Spatial resolution

182
Q

Entrance skin dose Fluro

A

10r/min

183
Q

Film screen contact test

  • what
  • technique
  • where is wire?
A

Wire mesh test

  • use finger tech
  • wire mesh atop
184
Q

Test check pbl/ light field

A

Penny test

185
Q

Collimators must be checked?

A

Every 6 months

186
Q

Equipment must be check

A

Annually

187
Q

Synchronize timer aka

A

Aec backup timer

188
Q

Inspection of apron falls under?

A

Environmental

189
Q

Qc program staff

A

Physicist
Tech
Radiologist

190
Q

Kink marks do?

Do what to density ?

A

Push emulsion away

Add density

191
Q

Pinhole
Star
Slit

A

Focal spot test

192
Q

Grid lines run?cause issues

A

Parallel

Weight of patient crushing grid

193
Q

Line pair per mm is unit of?

A

Resolution

194
Q

Fog on hd curve is aka?

A

Noise

195
Q

Qa/qc limits

A

Variability

196
Q

KVp variation ?

    • or minus
  • %
A

Plus or minus 4

  • 10%
197
Q

Need % to see density change ?

A

30%

198
Q

Which focal spot is bigger?

A

Actual bigger than effective due to more heat

199
Q

Ambient light seen with?

A

Rods and cones- central fovea

200
Q

Which exam gives best visual acuity?

A

Fluro

201
Q

Tuber rating chart measure?

Qa or qc?

A

Safe technique

  • qc problem
202
Q

Study pg 344

A

Chart see ch 20 cars

203
Q

Average Fluro exam shall be and should be?

A

Shall- 4 r/min

Should - 10 r/min

40mgyt/min

204
Q

Noise does what to patient dose?

A

Increase

205
Q

Non occupational dose limit is ____ of the rad worker

A

1/10

206
Q

Tsl/sol monitors can be worn up to a ____

A

Year

207
Q

Lead gloves should be _____ mm of al

A

0.25

208
Q

Lead apron shall be ___ mm of al

A

0.5

209
Q

Patient dose should be low in dr because ____ _____

A

High dqe

210
Q

the use of ____ mas , _____ -kvp and of _____ image receptors reduces quantum mottle

A

High mas
Low KVp
Slower screen

211
Q

Acceptable qc program consist of three

A

Acceptance testing
Routine performance monitoring
Maintainence

From Flashcardlet (57 decks)

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