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APES > 14 + 15 Test Flashcards > Flashcards

14 + 15 Test Flashcards

1
Q

Which elements are found in the inner and outer core of the earth’s interior?

A

Dense elements; Iron and Nickel

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2
Q

What elements are found in the outer regions of the earth?

A

Lighter, less dense materials; Silicon, Oxygen, and Nitrogen

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3
Q

What happened at Pompeii?

A

Volcano (Mt Vesuvius) destroyed multiple Roman cities.

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4
Q

How did people likely die in Pompeii

A

The toxic (sulfur) gas

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5
Q

Epicenter

A

The exact point on surface of the earth that’s directly above where the rock ruptures

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6
Q

Hypocenter

A

Where the rock ruptures, the “focus” of an earthquake

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7
Q

What do the numbers on the Richter Scale represent?

A

Measures energy (by factor of 10) during an earthquake

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8
Q

Elements in the Oceanic crust

A

Dense elements; Fe, Mg, Ca

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9
Q

Elements in continental crust

A

Silicon, aluminum, K, Ca; less dense (granite)

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10
Q

Nonrenewable resources

A

Fossil fuels (coal, oil)

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11
Q

Metallic minerals

A

Copper, iron

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12
Q

Potential problems with open pit mining

A

Toxic groundwater accumulation

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13
Q

Material that is removed from a mine

A

spoils

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14
Q

Results of mountaintop removal

A

Spoils dumped to streams and valleys below

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15
Q

Most dangerous mining process for workers

A

Subsurface mining

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16
Q

What will lengthen the amount of time a renewable resource will last?

A

Reducing, recycling, reusing; increase reserves instead of taking from it

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17
Q

What does SMCRA stand for

A

Surface Mining Control Reclamation Act

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18
Q

What does SMCRA do?

A

Makes sure mining activities aren’t harming the environment (posts bond, which puts money aside for reclamation upfront)

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19
Q

How do you remove Acid Sulfates and heavy metals from leachate

A

Sulfate reducing bacteria to remove sulfate + acids from leachate

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20
Q

How to lessen impact of mining industry

A

Mimic how nature deals with waste, resource exchange webs

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21
Q

What is a problem concerning the Colorado River

A

So many withdrawals that it rarely reaches the ocean

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22
Q

Largest use of water in the US

A

Irrigation/Agriculture (70%)

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23
Q

How much water do the US industries use?

A

20%

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24
Q

How much water do residents use in the US?

A

10%

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25
Q

Is Michigan a high precipitation area

A

No

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26
Q

Where might people experience water shortages

A

Areas not near rivers/the sea/water shortages

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27
Q

Advantages of riparian lands along rivers

A

Increased biodiversity, storm water retention, absorbing nonpoint source pollution

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28
Q

Ogallala aquifer

A

The world’s largest aquifer

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29
Q

Why is the Ogallala aquifer important?

A

Massive, old, considered nonrenewable because of its low recharge rate

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30
Q

How does an artesian well form

A

Well is below water level, taps into pressurized water, functions like a spring

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31
Q

Confined well

A

Water pressure creates a static water level much higher than well depth (artesian wells)

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32
Q

Unconfined well

A

Water present w/o clay layer above it, none/little pressure

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33
Q

How does a sinkhole form?

A

Underground cavern roof collapses after being drained of groundwater

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34
Q

How efficient is Furrow Irrigation

A

65%

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35
Q

How efficient is flood irrigation

A

70-80%

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36
Q

How efficient is spray irrigation

A

75-95%

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37
Q

How efficient is drip irrigation

A

95%<

38
Q

What is furrow irrigation

A

“Peaks and valleys” w/water in between

39
Q

What is flood irrigation

A

Water soaks evenly

40
Q

What is spray irrigation

A

Water sprayed onto crops

41
Q

Drip irrigation

A

Water goes where it needs to

42
Q

Levee

A

Holds back water during High precipitation, seasonal

43
Q

Dike

A

Permanently holds back water and keeps locations below the sea level from flooding

44
Q

Dam

A

Blocks a river (buildup on rear), makes a reservoir or hydroelectricity

45
Q

Aqueduct

A

Artificial transport channel that transports water hundreds of miles away

46
Q

How much of the wetlands of the aral sea have been removed

A

85%

47
Q

How has the salinity of the Aral Sea changed?

A

It has tripled in salinity

48
Q

Distillation

A

Heat salt water til it evaporates, leads behind solid water

49
Q

Reverse osmosis

A

High pressure, forces saltwater thru membrane filter

50
Q

What are the 3 largest uses of water in the house

A

Toilet, bathing, laundry

51
Q

How can we cut back on water usage?

A

Cut back on waste, use nutrients in wastewater as soil fertilizer, use composting toilets that convert human fecal matter to soil material

52
Q

How many coal fired power plants does the 3 Gorges Dam replace?

A

5

53
Q

How much stronger is an earthquake that registers a 5 on the Richter Scale as opposed to 2?

A

1000

54
Q

The majority of earth’s rock is

A

igneous

55
Q

What is the most common element found in the earth’s crust?

A

Oxygen

56
Q

What element is found in pyrite that contributes to acid mine drainage?

A

Sulfur

57
Q

Why must mining companies post bond prior to permitting?

A

To restore land area to some acceptable condition

58
Q

How are bacteria being used in treating effluent from mines?

A

To reduce sulfur

59
Q

What is a problem of acid mine drainage in rivers and soils?

A

Leaching of nutrients from soils

60
Q

What do tectonic plates move on?

A

Convection currents

61
Q

Why is gold smelting so damaging?

A

Cyanide compounds used in process

62
Q

How are artesian wells formed?

A

By a confined aquifer

63
Q

Where is dammed water colder than the river it flows into?

A

The bottom

64
Q

What is one of the problems of uncontained aqueducts?

A

Evaporation

65
Q

What is the largest use of industrial water?

A

Cooling power plants

66
Q

Underground sand and gravel formations that can store water?

A

Aquifer

67
Q

What type of water test measures acidity?

A

pH

68
Q

Which type of water test for cloudiness from suspended solids?

A

Turbidity

69
Q

What water test measures the amount of calcium and magnesium?

A

Hardness

70
Q

What are the problems of coal power plants?

A

CO2 output, Thermal Pollution, and Hg output

71
Q

What are the advantages of Riparian lands?

A

increased biodiversity, storm water retention, absorbing non source point pollution

72
Q

What type of water would be the warmest and have the least amount of dissolved oxygen?

A

Slow moving without plants

73
Q

The zone of aeration is found…

A

Above the water table and not saturated

74
Q

Asthenosphere

A

Outer part of the mantle; semi-molten rock

75
Q

Lithosphere

A

Outermost layer of the planet; 100 km thick

76
Q

The San Andreas fault is an example of a…

A

Transform fault

77
Q

Intrusive rock

A

Forms within the earth

78
Q

Extrusive

A

Forms when a rock cools above the earth

79
Q

spoil banks

A

highly erodible hills left behind by area strip mining

80
Q

highwall

A

wall of dirt left in front of a highly erodible bank

81
Q

How is metal ore smelted?

A

Metals are treated with potentially toxic chemicals

82
Q

What is produced when acid strips metals?

A

Acid drainage

83
Q

What are precious metals leached with?

A

cyanide

84
Q

How deep are the deepest mines?

A

3.5 km

85
Q

How much of water is not returned to the original source?

A

70%

86
Q

How many of the world’s population live in river basins?

A

41%

87
Q

What is Ogallala used for?

A

irrigation (20%) and farming (40%)

88
Q

Advantages of Dams

A

cheap electricity, reduces downstream flooding, year round water for surrounding crops

89
Q

Disadvantages of Dams

A

disrupts aquatic systems, displaces people

90
Q

Advantages of transferring water

A

promotes investment, jobs, strong economy

91
Q

Disadvantages of transferring water

A

encourages unsustainable use of water in areas it’s not naturally supplied

92
Q

How can we save waste?

A

Mimic the way nature does

APES (10 decks)

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