Chapter 18 test

Question 1

How many people contacted HIV/AIDS in 2010?

Answer 1

36 million

Question 2

What is the cure for HIV/AIDS?

Answer 2

None, though drug treatments exist

Question 3

What is risk?

Answer 3

Risk is the measure of likelihood that you will suffer from harm from a hazard

Question 4

What are the four hazards?

Answer 4

Biological, chemical, physical, cultural

Question 5

What is it called when diseases can be spread from one person to another? What is it when they can’t be spread by living organisms?

Answer 5

Transmissible ; non transmissible

Question 6

How can nontransmissible diseases be spread?

Answer 6

chemical exposures (lead); physical or mental impairments

Question 7

What is the leading cause of death?

Answer 7

Cardiovascular disease

Question 8

What type of disease kills the most people per year?

Answer 8

pneumonia

Question 9

What’s the difference between a chronic and acute illness?

Answer 9

Chronic= slowly impairs; Acute= rapidly impairs

Question 10

Why are infectious disease causing bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics?

Answer 10

genetic resistance, overuse of antibiotics

Question 11

Why are TB cases increasing worldwide

Answer 11

Lack of TB screening, genetic resistances

Question 12

What is a synergistic reaction?

Answer 12

When 2 risks come together and cause more harm

Question 13

How many new AIDS/HIV cases occur each day?

Answer 13

6000

Question 14

What is the death rate of Ebola?

Answer 14

50-89% death rate

Question 15

What is the cause of mad cow disease?

Answer 15

Prions/proteins in the brain

Question 16

How does transmission of mad cow disease happen?

Answer 16

Cows eating remains of infected cows

Question 17

How does mad cow disease spread in humans?

Answer 17

Eating infected meat

Question 18

How does the bird flu spread?

Answer 18

Affects birds mostly, but mutations can affect humans who are in close contact with birfs

Question 19

What is the potential symptom of West Nile virus?

Answer 19

Inflammation of the brain

Question 20

How many people are killed by malaria per year?

Answer 20

2 million

Question 21

Why was it quite easy for the US to ban DDT?

Answer 21

US doesn’t have many problems with Malaria, so less reason to use DDT

Question 22

Why are infectious diseases moving at increasing rates?

Answer 22

Human activities increase rates from one animal to another

Question 23

What is ecological Medicine?

Answer 23

Tracks down connections between wildlife and humans to determine ways to slow/prevent diseases from spreading

Question 24

How can we limit the spread of disease from animals to humans

Answer 24

Limit deforestation, fragmentation of woodland and forest, international trade of exotic species, stop eating monkeys

Question 25

What kind of chemical risk is thalidomide?

Answer 25

Teratogen (reduced limbs)

Question 26

What kind of chemical risk is alcohol?

Answer 26

teratogen (fetal alcohol syndrome)

Question 27

What are the 6 chemical risks?

Answer 27

Allergens, endocrine disruptors, mutagens, teratogens, carcinogens and neurotoxins

Question 28

What type of toxin is DDT?

Answer 28

Endocrine disruptor

Question 29

What type of toxin is PCB?

Answer 29

Carcinogen

Question 30

What happens if you don't properly incinerate PCB?

Answer 30

You could produce Dioxin (a carcinogen)

Question 31

What type of chemical is Azatine?

Answer 31

Endocrine disruptor (this is the gay frogs thing)

Question 32

What is the difference between LD50 and ED50?

Answer 32

LD50 looks for half the population DYING, ED50 looks for half the population DISPLAYING HARMFUL EFFECTS

Question 33

What is the value of exposure for animals and humans? (referring to LD50)

Answer 33

A: Take LD50 and divide it by 10; Humans by 1,000

Question 34

What is the threshold limit?

Answer 34

The point where a negative reaction is felt by a dose

Question 35

How is a concentration of a dose determined?

Answer 35

Persistence, solubility, ability to bioaccumulate and biomagnify

Question 36

What is bioaccumulation

Answer 36

an increased concentration of a chemical in an organism over time

Question 37

What is biomagnification

Answer 37

an increase in concentration of a chemical as it moves up the food chain

Question 38

What is an example of a chemical that can bioaccumulate?

Answer 38

Methyl mercury

Question 39

Why are fat soluble chemicals bad?

Answer 39

Fat soluble chemicals are stored in the body

Question 40

How persistent is DDT?

Answer 40

30 years

Question 41

how persistent is Atrazine?

Answer 41

224 days in soil

Question 42

Why are children more susceptible to chemical hazards than adults?

Answer 42

Children breathe more air, drink more water, eat more, and are exposed to other toxins when they put objects in their mouths.

Question 43

What is the difference between innocent-until-proven-guilty method of determining toxicity vs precautionary principle

Answer 43

Innocent until proven guilty- Chemicals put on market if relatively safe, long term effects will be discovered later Precautionary principle- Don't put chemicals on the market until extensive testing has taken place

Question 44

How is risk analysis calculated?

Answer 44

System reliability % = Technology reliability x human reliability

Question 45

What shortens the life of an individual more than any other factor in the US?

Answer 45

Poverty

Question 46

What are the top 3 factors that shorten life expectancy in the US?

Answer 46

Poverty, being born male, smoking

Question 47

What are some chemicals found in cigarette smoke?

Answer 47

Benzene, toluene, arsenic

Question 48

retrospective studies

Answer 48

Studying people who were exposed to a chemical in the past

Question 49

Perspective studies

Answer 49

Monitor those who may be exposed to a chemical in the future

Question 50

What is the leading cause of death in the US?

Answer 50

Heart disease

Question 51

What is the greatest risk to one’s health?

Answer 51

Poverty

Question 52

T/F: diseases that were once very prevalent are no longer a threat

Answer 52

False (ex: TB)

Question 53

How does a cow acquire mad cow disease?

Answer 53

Eating other cows with mad cow

Question 54

What is true about dose response?

Answer 54

LD50/10 is “safe” for animals

Question 55

Type of study that examines the effects in people who have been exposed to a contaminant

Answer 55

Retrospective

Question 56

The concentration within an organism depends on…

Answer 56

biomagnification, solubility, persistance

Question 57

The determination of what an exposure would be and how much one can take

Answer 57

Risk assessment

Question 58

Determines the balance of harm to gain

Answer 58

Risk acceptance

Question 59

The communication of risk and getting input from community

Answer 59

Risk management

Question 60

What is the policy the US follows for potentially hazardous chemicals

Answer 60

Innocent until proven guilty principle

Question 61

These types of chemicals are generated from incineration

Answer 61

Dioxins

Question 62

A quick onset of a disease or condition

Answer 62

Acute

Question 63

What kind of hazard is Ebola?

Answer 63

Virus

Question 64

What is meant by the saying “the risk of injury is one in 5”

Answer 64

The likelihood of injury is about one in 5 (qualitative)

Question 65

People moving both livestock and wild animals has resulted in

Answer 65

Increased spread of disease?

Question 66

Why has TB been spreading?

Answer 66

Overuse of antibiotics, increased urbanization,