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APES > Chapter 18 test > Flashcards

Chapter 18 test Flashcards

1
Q

How many people contacted HIV/AIDS in 2010?

A

36 million

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2
Q

What is the cure for HIV/AIDS?

A

None, though drug treatments exist

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3
Q

What is risk?

A

Risk is the measure of likelihood that you will suffer from harm from a hazard

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4
Q

What are the four hazards?

A

Biological, chemical, physical, cultural

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5
Q

What is it called when diseases can be spread from one person to another? What is it when they can’t be spread by living organisms?

A

Transmissible ; non transmissible

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6
Q

How can nontransmissible diseases be spread?

A

chemical exposures (lead); physical or mental impairments

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7
Q

What is the leading cause of death?

A

Cardiovascular disease

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8
Q

What type of disease kills the most people per year?

A

pneumonia

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9
Q

What’s the difference between a chronic and acute illness?

A

Chronic= slowly impairs; Acute= rapidly impairs

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10
Q

Why are infectious disease causing bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics?

A

genetic resistance, overuse of antibiotics

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11
Q

Why are TB cases increasing worldwide

A

Lack of TB screening, genetic resistances

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12
Q

What is a synergistic reaction?

A

When 2 risks come together and cause more harm

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13
Q

How many new AIDS/HIV cases occur each day?

A

6000

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14
Q

What is the death rate of Ebola?

A

50-89% death rate

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15
Q

What is the cause of mad cow disease?

A

Prions/proteins in the brain

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16
Q

How does transmission of mad cow disease happen?

A

Cows eating remains of infected cows

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17
Q

How does mad cow disease spread in humans?

A

Eating infected meat

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18
Q

How does the bird flu spread?

A

Affects birds mostly, but mutations can affect humans who are in close contact with birfs

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19
Q

What is the potential symptom of West Nile virus?

A

Inflammation of the brain

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20
Q

How many people are killed by malaria per year?

A

2 million

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21
Q

Why was it quite easy for the US to ban DDT?

A

US doesn’t have many problems with Malaria, so less reason to use DDT

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22
Q

Why are infectious diseases moving at increasing rates?

A

Human activities increase rates from one animal to another

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23
Q

What is ecological Medicine?

A

Tracks down connections between wildlife and humans to determine ways to slow/prevent diseases from spreading

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24
Q

How can we limit the spread of disease from animals to humans

A

Limit deforestation, fragmentation of woodland and forest, international trade of exotic species, stop eating monkeys

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25
Q

What kind of chemical risk is thalidomide?

A

Teratogen (reduced limbs)

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26
Q

What kind of chemical risk is alcohol?

A

teratogen (fetal alcohol syndrome)

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27
Q

What are the 6 chemical risks?

A

Allergens, endocrine disruptors, mutagens, teratogens, carcinogens and neurotoxins

28
Q

What type of toxin is DDT?

A

Endocrine disruptor

29
Q

What type of toxin is PCB?

A

Carcinogen

30
Q

What happens if you don’t properly incinerate PCB?

A

You could produce Dioxin (a carcinogen)

31
Q

What type of chemical is Azatine?

A

Endocrine disruptor (this is the gay frogs thing)

32
Q

What is the difference between LD50 and ED50?

A

LD50 looks for half the population DYING, ED50 looks for half the population DISPLAYING HARMFUL EFFECTS

33
Q

What is the value of exposure for animals and humans? (referring to LD50)

A

A: Take LD50 and divide it by 10; Humans by 1,000

34
Q

What is the threshold limit?

A

The point where a negative reaction is felt by a dose

35
Q

How is a concentration of a dose determined?

A

Persistence, solubility, ability to bioaccumulate and biomagnify

36
Q

What is bioaccumulation

A

an increased concentration of a chemical in an organism over time

37
Q

What is biomagnification

A

an increase in concentration of a chemical as it moves up the food chain

38
Q

What is an example of a chemical that can bioaccumulate?

A

Methyl mercury

39
Q

Why are fat soluble chemicals bad?

A

Fat soluble chemicals are stored in the body

40
Q

How persistent is DDT?

A

30 years

41
Q

how persistent is Atrazine?

A

224 days in soil

42
Q

Why are children more susceptible to chemical hazards than adults?

A

Children breathe more air, drink more water, eat more, and are exposed to other toxins when they put objects in their mouths.

43
Q

What is the difference between innocent-until-proven-guilty method of determining toxicity vs precautionary principle

A

Innocent until proven guilty- Chemicals put on market if relatively safe, long term effects will be discovered later

Precautionary principle- Don’t put chemicals on the market until extensive testing has taken place

44
Q

How is risk analysis calculated?

A

System reliability % = Technology reliability x human reliability

45
Q

What shortens the life of an individual more than any other factor in the US?

A

Poverty

46
Q

What are the top 3 factors that shorten life expectancy in the US?

A

Poverty, being born male, smoking

47
Q

What are some chemicals found in cigarette smoke?

A

Benzene, toluene, arsenic

48
Q

retrospective studies

A

Studying people who were exposed to a chemical in the past

49
Q

Perspective studies

A

Monitor those who may be exposed to a chemical in the future

50
Q

What is the leading cause of death in the US?

A

Heart disease

51
Q

What is the greatest risk to one’s health?

A

Poverty

52
Q

T/F: diseases that were once very prevalent are no longer a threat

A

False (ex: TB)

53
Q

How does a cow acquire mad cow disease?

A

Eating other cows with mad cow

54
Q

What is true about dose response?

A

LD50/10 is “safe” for animals

55
Q

Type of study that examines the effects in people who have been exposed to a contaminant

A

Retrospective

56
Q

The concentration within an organism depends on…

A

biomagnification, solubility, persistance

57
Q

The determination of what an exposure would be and how much one can take

A

Risk assessment

58
Q

Determines the balance of harm to gain

A

Risk acceptance

59
Q

The communication of risk and getting input from community

A

Risk management

60
Q

What is the policy the US follows for potentially hazardous chemicals

A

Innocent until proven guilty principle

61
Q

These types of chemicals are generated from incineration

A

Dioxins

62
Q

A quick onset of a disease or condition

A

Acute

63
Q

What kind of hazard is Ebola?

A

Virus

64
Q

What is meant by the saying “the risk of injury is one in 5”

A

The likelihood of injury is about one in 5 (qualitative)

65
Q

People moving both livestock and wild animals has resulted in

A

Increased spread of disease?

66
Q

Why has TB been spreading?

A

Overuse of antibiotics, increased urbanization,

APES (10 decks)

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