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APES > Chapter 16-17 test flashcards > Flashcards

Chapter 16-17 test flashcards

1
Q

How long will Saudi Arabia’s oil last if supplying the world?

A

10 years

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2
Q

How long will Alaska’s north slope’s oil last if supplying the world?

A

6 months (US ONLY: 3 years)

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3
Q

How long would Alaska’s wildlife refuge’s oil be able to supply the world?

A

1-5 months (US ONLY: 7-25)

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4
Q

What are our options when it comes to conserving oil?

A

Find new oil; use less oil; alternate fuels

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5
Q

Where does 99% of the earth’s energy come from?

A

the sun

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6
Q

What is the source fo the remaining 1% of earth’s energy?

A

burning fossil fuels

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7
Q

What % of our commercial energy comes from fossil fuels?

A

80%

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8
Q

What does “Energy Return on Energy Investment” (EROEI) refer to?

A

Net energy ratios

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9
Q

What do ratios < 1 indicate?

A

Net energy loss

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10
Q

The higher the net energy ratio, the _________ the net energy available

A

greater

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11
Q

What are the 3 sections of net energy?

A

Home (heating), industrial, transportation

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12
Q

Commercial energy sources

A

Energy sources that are bought and sold (coal, oil, natural gas)

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13
Q

Subsidence energy sources

A

those gathered by individuals for their own use (wood, charcoal, animal waste)

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14
Q

How much oil can be economically recovered from a deposit?

A

35-50%

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15
Q

what does OPEC stand for?

A

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

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16
Q

What does OPEC do?

A

oil comes from them; they agree on oil outputs

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17
Q

When did the US peak in oil production?

A

1974

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18
Q

How much does the US have in oil reserves? (% of the world)

A

2.1%

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19
Q

How much of a contribution does transport oil burning have on CO2 emissions

A

43%

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20
Q

What is the Hubbart curve

A

A graph that shows the point of which the world production of oil hits its max

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21
Q

What’s the projected amount of time until conventional oil runs out?

A

40 years

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22
Q

What’s the projected time until coal supplies run out?

A

200 years

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23
Q

Where are the Canadian tar sands found

A

Alberta

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24
Q

What are the drawbacks to using tar sands?

A

High sulfur content, extracting and processing makes contaminates

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25
Q

What’s the mixture of hydrocarbons found in an oil shale called

A

Kerogen

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26
Q

How much oil sands is required to make one barrel of oil?

A

1.8 metric tons

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27
Q

What is natural gas?

A

A mixture of hydrocarbons (mostly methane) in gas form

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28
Q

Where is the majority of natural gas found

A

Russia and Iran

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29
Q

How long will the supplies of natural gas last?

A

62-125 years

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30
Q

What’s a pro of natural gas burning?

A

Fairly clean

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31
Q

What’s a con of natural gas burning?

A

Creates CO2/a greenhouse gas

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32
Q

What is the ideal coal to use for energy production?

A

Anthracite (hard coal)

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33
Q

What coal is commonly used?

A

Bituminous (soft coal)

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34
Q

Who holds major reserves of coal?

A

Russia, US, China

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35
Q

Who consumes the majority of coal?

A

China, US, India

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36
Q

Cons of coal

A

High environmental impact, high CO2 release into the air

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37
Q

What are some reasons coal is not typically converted to SNG?

A

Expensive, burning SNG sends more CO2 into the atmosphere

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38
Q

What is cogeneration?

A

Using a fuel to generate electricity and heat

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39
Q

How efficient is a coal burning power plant?

A

35%

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40
Q

What is the fuel source in a nuclear power plant?

A

Uranium 235

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41
Q

Where is spent nuclear fuel material stored?

A

Specially designed pools

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42
Q

What is Synthetic Natural Gas?

A

It’s something natural gas can be converted to that makes it more transportable,

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43
Q

Why is the energy production low with electricity production?

A

The Second Law of Thermodynamics

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44
Q

What is the fuel source in a nuclear power plant?

A

Uranium (uranium heats water, steam resulting powers spinning turbine)

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45
Q

How long does it take for fuel rods to need to be stored?

A

3-4 years

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46
Q

Where are nuclear fuel rods stored?

A

Pools of water with steel lined retainers OR dry steel or concrete storage containers

47
Q

How often are nuclear reactors refueled?

A

Once a year

48
Q

How many rail cars do coal mines require?

A

80 per day

49
Q

Why have we not built new nuclear power plants since 1978?

A

Public health concerns and expanses

50
Q

What happens when a nuclear reactor reaches the end of its life?

A

Storage for 1000s of years. Risk of corrosion

51
Q

What % of energy is wasted as it passes through the US economy?

A

84%

52
Q

Why is so much energy wasted as it passes through the US economy?

A

Inefficiency

53
Q

Nuclear fusion

A

lighter nuclei are forced together to produce heavy nuclei, heat is released

54
Q

What are some of the most wasteful energy consumers?

A

Incandescent lightbulbs, internal combustion engines, nuclear power plants,

55
Q

Which is more efficient, passive solar or nuclear energy?

A

Passive solar

56
Q

What are some ways to improve energy efficiency?

A

cogeneration, increasing fuel efficiency

57
Q

What is CAFE?

A

Corporate Average Fuel Economy

58
Q

What are strawbale houses?

A

Strawbale is a superinsulator

59
Q

How much heat escapes US homes through windows, holes, and cracks?

A

1/3

60
Q

Why have we not fully embraced renewable energy?

A

Fossil fuels are cheaper

61
Q

Difference between passive solar heating and active solar heating

A

Passive: directly in structure w/o pumps
Active:

62
Q

How much of wind energy could need to be captured in order to meet all the world’s energy demands?

A

20%

63
Q

What is the world’s most promising and fastest growing energy resource?

A

Wind

64
Q

Why is wind the most promising energy source?

A

Cheap, clean, no Greenhouse gases

65
Q

Which country manufacture the most wind turbines?

A

Europe

66
Q

What is an advantage of burning biomass

A

Carbon neutral; can replenish quickly

67
Q

What are the advantages of converting plants and waste into biofuels?

A

Can grow anywhere, no net increase in co2

68
Q

Ethanol

A

A biofuel that Can be used in the place of gasoline

69
Q

Geothermal

A

Uses heat stored in soil or rocks underground in the earth’s mantle to heat and cool surface

70
Q

How can geothermal technology be used?

A

Transfers heat from the ground into your house

71
Q

What is a hurdle of hydrogen to replace oil

A

H2 is chemically locked w/ water and organic chemicals, takes a lot of energy to produce, expensive

72
Q

What are the predicted largest energy sources in the next 80 years?

A

Biomass, H2 solar, natural gas

73
Q

What would a more sustainable energy policy do?

A

Improve efficiency, rely more on renewable energy, reduce harmful effects from fossil fuels

74
Q

Feed-in tarriff system

A

when a consumer feeds energy back into the grid

75
Q

What is the second most commonly used energy source in the world after fossil fuels

A

Biomass

76
Q

Why is the transfer of energy from a resource so low?

A

2nd law of thermodynamics

77
Q

What is the fissile material that is needed for nuclear energy?

A

Uranium 235

78
Q

What isotope of uranium is needed for nuclear power?

A

Uranium 235

79
Q

Who predicted peak production of petroleum in 1969

A

Hubbert

80
Q

Building materials with high thermal inertia are

A

energy efficient

81
Q

Name 3 solar based energy sources

A

Solar, Coal, wind

82
Q

What is a solar oven

A

An inexpensive way to cook food

83
Q

What’s the US’s most used renewable resources

A

Biomass and hydro

84
Q

How do we currently utilize renewable energy best in the US?

A

Electricity generation

85
Q

The world’s largest oil reserves are most commonly stated as being in…

A

Saudi Arabia

86
Q

Alberta Canada is known to contain a large percentage of

A

Oil sands

87
Q

Natural gas is a better fuel source than coal because…

A

Cleaner burning, easy transport via pipeline, less ground surface distributed

88
Q

Is nuclear energy considered renewable

A

No

89
Q

About how long will US oil reserves last at current usage?

A

25 years

90
Q

What country ranks number one in both use and reserves of coal?

A

China

91
Q

Which is listed in the ppt as the least expensive energy resource?

A

Solar

92
Q

Which country is making the largest investment in renewable energy resources?

A

China

93
Q

Where is coal most likely to originate?

A

Swamps (peat)

94
Q

Letting sunlight heat a home or capturing the suns energy directly is what type of energy?

A

Passive

95
Q

What type of rock is kerogen found within?

A

Sedimentary

96
Q

Feed-in tariff systems are…

A

A way to feed back into grids

97
Q

Why are coal power plants and transporation vehicles so inefficient

A

They give off a lot of thermal waste

98
Q

Rank the US’s energy source use from most used to least used

A

Petrol, Natural gas, coal, renewable resources,

99
Q

What is the fastest growing electrical power

A

Solar

100
Q

What is thermal inertia

A

The resistance a material has with which its temperature reaches that of its environment

101
Q

If you were constructing a building, what level of thermal inertia would you want

A

High thermal inertia

102
Q

What are the sources of renewable energy in the US?

A

Wind, Solar, Hydroelectic, geothermal, biomass

103
Q

What are some advantages to using natural gas instead of coal?

A

Less harm to environment, easily stored and transported

104
Q

3 LARGEST CONSUMERS OF COAL

A

China, India, US

105
Q

Why have no new power plants been made since 1978?

A

Public health concerns, expanses

106
Q

About how much longer would United States oil reserves last based on today’s rate of consumption?

A

5 years

107
Q

Compare the various rates of generating electricity. What is the least expensive?

A

Solar

108
Q

Compare the various rates of generating electricity. What is the most expensive?

A

Nuclear

109
Q

What is the name given to coal reserves that have been mapped, measured and are economically recoverable?

A

Proven reserves

110
Q

What country has made the largest commitment to switching over to renewable energy resources?

A

China

111
Q

What is a possible origin for coal reserves?

A

Swamps

112
Q

What type of coal has the most energy? What type of coal is most commonly used?

A

Anthracite; bituminous

113
Q

What is the name given to petroleum that is trapped in sedimentary rock?

A

Petroleum trap

114
Q

What is the name of the practice where utilities must pay customers for generating more power than they actually
use?

A

Net metering/feed in tariffs

APES (10 decks)

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