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APES > Chap 21-22 test > Flashcards

Chap 21-22 test Flashcards

1
Q

Water pollution

A

any biological or chemical change that has a negative effect on living organisms that makes the water unusable for its intended purpose

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2
Q

Point source pollution

A

Pollution from a specific location (drain pipes, sewer lines, etc)

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3
Q

Nonpoint source pollution

A

Cannot be placed at a specific site of discharge (atmospheric deposition, agricultural or industrial runoff)

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4
Q

BOD

A

the amount of oxygen a body of water uses to break down biological matter (ex: algae).

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5
Q

What does it mean when something has a low BOD level?

A

Lower pollution, more oxygen available for aquatic life

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6
Q

What does BOD stand for?

A

Biochemical Oxygen Demand

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7
Q

Examples of contaminants

A

Lead, arsenic, mercury, acids, chemical runoff, sediments

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8
Q

Source of Arsenic

A

Natural contaminant from bedrock via well

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9
Q

Source of Mercury

A

coal fired power plants

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10
Q

Source of Lead

A

Lead pipes

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11
Q

Potential problem of pyrite

A

turns water acidic, leaches metals out of sediments

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12
Q

What are Synthetic Organic Compounds (SOCs)

A

Pesticides, pharmaceuticals

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13
Q

What are POPs?

A

persistent organic pollutants

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14
Q

What are the Dirty Dozen?

A

Alderane, Chlordane, Dieldren, Endrin, Heptachlor, Hexachlorobenzine (HCB), Mirex, Toxaphene, DDT, PCBs, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, Dioxins

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15
Q

Problems of pesticide

A

not target specific, disrupts eco community, inert ingredients may have their own effects

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16
Q

DO

A

Dissolved Oxygen Content

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17
Q

Which do you want to be high, DO or BOD

A

DO

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18
Q

How are rivers and streams cleaning themselves?

A

Dilution and decay

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19
Q

Which kind of polluton have developed countries sharply reduced?

A

Point source

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20
Q

Which kind of pollution is a problem in developed countries

A

stream pollution (sewage + industrial waste)

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21
Q

What can cause severe pollution of a water source?

A

A culture heavily relying on the water source

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22
Q

Which continent has the most Arsenic contamination

A

Asia

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23
Q

How many of the estuaries are impaired or threatened

A

4/5

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24
Q

What is cultural eutrophication

A

humans accelerating input of plant nutrients into the water

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25
Q

what are some fo the inputs in a body of water

A

nitrate, phosphate based effluences

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26
Q

how does arsenic get into groundwater

A

naturally occurring in soil and rocks w/ high arsenic content

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27
Q

what is depleting oxygen levels in the Gulf of Mexico

A

harmful algae blooms (HAB)

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28
Q

What happens in the event of a harmful algae bloom

A

“dead areas”

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29
Q

How does most oceanic oil pollution occur

A

Human activities on land

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30
Q

what occurred with the Exxon Valdez in 1989?

A

11 million gallons of crude oil dumped into the ocean

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31
Q

What occurred with the BP spillage in the gulf of mexico

A

200 million gallons of oil dumped

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32
Q

What is the largest source of oil pollution

A

urban and industrial runoff

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33
Q

What laws are put in place to prevent surface water pollution

A

Clean Water Act (‘72), discharge trading policy (in experiment currently)

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34
Q

Where is organic matter broken down in an on-site septic disposal system

A

Bacteria in the tank and field

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35
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary sewage treatment

A

Primary: physical (screens to filter), Secondary: Biological (aerobic bacteria)

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36
Q

What are the layers of a sewage tank

A

Sludge, wastewater, scum

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37
Q

What happens when nutrients from sewage treatment still reach lakes and rivers

A

Algae growth and unwanted bacteria

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38
Q

What’s the difference between on site and municipal sewage treatment

A

On site has organic matter break down in both the tank and the field, municipal only has matter break down in the secondary treatment area

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39
Q

What is a CSO

A

Combined Sewer Overflows

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40
Q

When are CSOs used

A

When there’s heavy rainfall, you put the raw untreated waste into a nearby river (“lesser of two evils”)

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41
Q

Where was heavy rainfall and CSOs a large problem

A

The rouge river

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42
Q

How is a manure lagoon different from discharging waste into a body of water

A

Manure lagoons are man made ponds

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43
Q

Why are manure lagoons lined with rubber

A

To prevent manure from leaking into the groundwater

44
Q

What happens after manure is broken down by bacteria in a manure lagoon

A

Manure used as fertilizer

45
Q

What does primary sewage treatment involve

A

Bar screen, grit chamber, settling tank

46
Q

What does secondary treatment involve

A

Aeration tank, settling tank, chlorine disinfection tank

47
Q

What is advanced treatment for sewage

A

Used chemical and physical processes to remove specific pollutants

48
Q

What pollutants is advanced treatment for sewage meant to remove

A

Nitrates and phosphates

49
Q

What is disinfection treatment for sewage

A

Chlorinating water to remove coloration, disease carrying bacteria, and some viruses

50
Q

What is the concentration of nutrients in sewage based fertilizer

A

6 2 0

51
Q

What sorts of chemicals are in sewage based fertilizer

A

N K P

52
Q

What ecological system can be used to treat sewage

A

Natural and artificial wetlands

53
Q

What is the farmers’ and developers’ argument against the CWA (clean water act)?

A

CWA limits their rights to fill in wetlands

54
Q

What does thermal pollution in waterways cause?

A

Oxygen reduction

55
Q

What are ways for city dwellers in developing countries to have water treatment?

A

UV Ray exposure, centralized water treatment plants, watershed protection

56
Q

What are MCLs?

A

Maximum contamination Limits

57
Q

Fecal Coliform and Giardia MCL

A

0

58
Q

Arsenic MCL

A

10

59
Q

What law did love canal result in

A

Superfund law, a cleanup law

60
Q

Solid waste

A

Any unwanted/discarded material we produce that is not a liquid or gas

61
Q

Where does MSW (municipal solid waste) come from?

A

Homes

62
Q

Where does industrial solid waste come from?

A

Industries that supply goods n services

63
Q

Hazardous (toxic) waste

A

Waste that threatens human health because it’s toxic, chemically active, corrosive, or flammable

64
Q

Has MSW increased or decreased in the last 50 years

A

Increased

65
Q

How much of the world’s solid waste does the Us produce?

A

1/3

66
Q

What percentage of waste is industrial?

A

98.5%

67
Q

What does most of industrial waste consist of?

A

Solid waste from mining

68
Q

How much of the US’s MSW is recycled or composted?

A

30%

69
Q

Had the MSW per capita (per person) increased or decreased in the past 50 years

A

It’s flattened more than anything else

70
Q

By composition, what is the most MSW?

A

Paper (31%)

71
Q

By source, what is the most MSW?

A

Containers and packaging (31%)

72
Q

How much of MSW is organic material/potentially compostable?

A

64%

73
Q

How much of MSW is recycled?

A

33%

74
Q

What does E-waste consist of

A

Toxic and hazardous waste such as PCV, Lead, mercury, and cadmium

75
Q

What is the first priority in integrated waste management

A

Changing the process so that waste isn’t being produced in the first place

76
Q

What is the second priority of integrated waste manahement

A

“Reduce, reuse, recycle, refuse”

77
Q

What is the last priority of integrated waste management

A

Treating waste properly

78
Q

What does “refuse” mean in the context of reducing solid waste?

A

Refusal to buy items you really don’t need

79
Q

What are some downsides to reusing

A

Can be hazardous to poor people who scavenge in open dumps

80
Q

What are some benefits to refilling and reusing containers?

A

Uses fewer resources, less energy, produces less waste, saves money, and makes jobs

81
Q

What is more expensive, a recyclable used can or an aluminum can (used once)?

A

Aluminum can

82
Q

What is primary (closed loop) recycling

A

Materials turned into new products of the same type

83
Q

What is secondary recycling

A

Materials are converted into different products (ex: tires shredded and converted into rubberized road surfaces)

84
Q

Benefits of recycling

A

Composting biodegradable paper mimics nature and recycling paper has environmental and economic benefits

85
Q

How hot is an incinerator

A

2000 * C

86
Q

What are some ways to convert hazardous waste to less hazardous substances

A

Incineration and plasma torches

87
Q

Open dumps

A

Fields or holes in the ground where garbage is dumped and sometimes covered in soil

88
Q

Sanitary landfills

A

Solid wasted spread out in layers n compacted between layers of clay/plastic foam

89
Q

What are sanitary landfills designed for?

A

Gathering leachate for usage

90
Q

What do you want in a landfill site generally

A

Soil rich in clay, away from waterways and high population

91
Q

Problems with landfills

A

Leaching, methane production (explosion hazard)

92
Q

What does RCRA stand for

A

Resource conservation and recovery act

93
Q

What is the RCRA

A

“Cradle to grave”, you produce it, you’re responsible for it

94
Q

What does CERCLA stand for

A

Comprehensive environmental response, compensation, and liability act

95
Q

What does CERCLA do/also known as

A

Superfund act, puts most of polluters funds into cleaning up their messes (30% gov funded)

96
Q

What is the open dumping act

A

Prohibits dumping waste into territorial ocean waters

97
Q

What is a brownfield

A

Contaminated industrial/commercial sites that require cleanup before they can be redeveloped or expanded

98
Q

Bioremediation

A

Bacteria or enzymes help destroy hazardous waste/convert them to more benign substances

99
Q

Phytoremediation

A

Involves using natural or genetically engineered plants to absorb, filter, and remove contaminants from polluted soil and water

100
Q

What location practices phytoremediation

A

Henry Ford

101
Q

What is Deep well disposal

A

Liquid hazardous waste pumped into dry porous rock far beneath aquifers

102
Q

Surface impoundments

A

Excavated depressions such as ponds, pits, or lagoons into which liners are placed and liquid hazardous wastes are stored

103
Q

How many commercial hazardous waste landfills are there in the us?

A

23

104
Q

How is mercury released into the environment

A

Burning coal and incinerating wastes

105
Q

Where is lead used

A

Leaded gasoline

106
Q

Who is lead poisoning especially harmful to

A

Children

107
Q

What is the acronym for cradle to grave

A

RECRA

APES (10 decks)

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