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APES > Chapters 19-20 Test > Flashcards

Chapters 19-20 Test Flashcards

(115 cards)

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1
Q

How is lichen beneficial in monitoring air quality

A

they absorb air for nourishment, so they warn if it’s bad quality

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2
Q

What happened to the Chernobyl deer?

A

Had to be killed bc they ate highly radioactive lichens

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3
Q

How can lichen help track pollution to its source?

A

They’re widespread, long lived, and stationary

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4
Q

How do the layers of the atmosphere differ?

A

Temperature, pressure, compositions

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5
Q

In what layer is the ozone layer?

A

The stratosphere

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6
Q

What does the ozone layer do?

A

Filter out most of the sun’s harmful radiation

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7
Q

Layers of the atmosphere in order

A

Troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere

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8
Q

Is the thermosphere hot or cold?

A

Hot

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9
Q

What rays of the sun does the ozone absorb

A

UVB and UVC (heats up layer)

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10
Q

What are secondary pollutants

A

Pollutants created w/ aid of sunlight and atmospheric water

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11
Q

The Clean Air Act greatly reduces outdoor air pollution from:

A

Oxides (CO, NOx, SOx), Ozone, suspended particulate matter, and Lead

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12
Q

What is not included in the list of gases omitted in the Clean Air Act?

A

CO2 (also other dioxides)

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13
Q

What are primary pollutants

A

Chemical that has been added directly to the air (nat. events or humans)

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14
Q

What are secondary pollutants

A

formed when a primary air pollutant reacts with normal air components or other air pollutants.

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15
Q

About what % of CO2 comes from anthropogenic sources?

A

7%

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16
Q

What % of CO2 comes from the carbon cycle

A

93%

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17
Q

How does CO2 form

A

Incomplete combustion of carbon containing materials

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18
Q

Where does CO2 reside (in terms of atmosphere layers)

A

Troposphere

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19
Q

Sources of NOx

A

Automobile engines, coal burning plants, lightning, soil bacteria

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20
Q

What is a problem of NOx

A

Can form nitric acid(HNO3) if it reacts with water

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21
Q

How much of SO2 is naturally formed through the sulfur cycle

A

1/3

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22
Q

How does the human-sourced Sulfur form?

A

Combustion of sulfur containing coal, oil refining, and smelting of sulfide ores

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23
Q

How is SO2 harmful

A

Can convert. To H2SO4 which is a component of acid rain

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24
Q

What does Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) consist of

A

solid particles and liquid droplets small + light enough to be suspended in the air

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25
What is the source of PMs?
Burning wood + petroleum fuels, lead
26
What are the most harmful PMs?
Fine (PM10) ultrafine (PM2.5)
27
How many deaths per year do PMs cause in the US?
60,000
28
What is the most common cause of respiratory disease in developing countries?
PMs (Particulate matter)
29
Is ozone reactive or nonreactive
reactive
30
What are some potential problems caused by ozone
cause/aggravate respr illness; aggravate heart disease; damage plants, rubber, fabrics, paints
31
What does VOC stand for?
Volatile organic compound
32
Where do most VOCs come from?
Methane from cars, leaves (plants)
33
How much of VOCs come from human resources
2/3
34
What is photochemical smog
A mix of air pollutants made by NOx and volatile organic hydrocarbons under sunlight
35
What cities in the US often suffer from photochemical smog?
Mexico City and Los Angeles
36
What are PANs?
Peroxacyl Nitrates; respiratory irritant
37
What is the main difference between photochemical and industrial smog?
Photochemical is NOx, Industrial is SOx
38
What is the Black Triangle?
Germany, poland, and the Czech republic (one of the most polluted places in the world)
39
What is the cause of the Black Triangle?
brown coal usage w/ high sulfur content
40
What is radon?
natural radioactive gas found in soil and rock
41
What is a problem of radon?
Can seep into homes and buildings above radon deposits
42
What are the major causes of anthropogenic emissions of CO2 and NOx
On-road vehicles
43
What is the anthropogenic cause of SOx emissions?
Electricity generation
44
Anthropogenic cause of PM emissions?
Vehicle/Road dust
45
What is a temperature inversion and how is it formed?
Cold, cloudy weather surrounded by mountains can cause a warm air "cap"
46
What is the natural pH of rainwater
5.6
47
What's a harm of acid rain
respiratory illness, can leach toxic metals from rock and soil into acid lakes
48
What bodies of water are more buffered to acid rain
lakes and streams
49
how can acid lakes be treated
Adding limestone
50
What are the four most dangerous indoor air pollutants
Tobacco smoke, formaldehyde, radon-222 gas, PMs
51
What is more harmful to humans, indoor or outdoor gases?
indoor
52
Who are the most susceptible to indoor air pollution
Children under 5
53
Who are the least susceptible to indoor air pollution
Adult males
54
What is asbestos?
fibrous silicate material used for insulation
55
What are problems of asbestos
Can cause respiratory problems
56
What is the source of CO?
malfunctioning exhaust systems on heaters
57
How is CO a health risk
CO attaches to hemoglobin and causes oxygen deprivation
58
What is the most toxic kind of VOC
Formaldehyde
59
Where are VOCs used
Building materials, furniture, glues, paints
60
What % of US buildings are classified as sick?
15%
61
What is "sick building syndrome"
Thebuiildup of toxins in inside air is more dangerous than the outside
62
Which is more harmful, PM2.5 or PM10?
PM2.5 (smallest particle)
63
Advantage of electrostatic precipitators
Can remove 99% of particulate matter
64
What do Electrostatic precipitators do?
Attract negatively charged particles in smoke to a collector
65
What is a flaw of electrostatic precipitators?
They do not filter hazardous ultrafine particles
66
Because of the clean car act, a car now produces ____ less pollution than pre-1970s cars
75%
67
What happens when you have a motor vehicle with no pollution control device?
burning of leaded gasoline (which can cause nerve damage)
68
Which is more heavily regulated, outdoor or indoor pollution?
Outdoor
69
What was the effect of mt Pinatubo's eruption in 1991?
temporary cooling of the earth over a 15 month period (0.5*C)
70
Which layer of the atmosphere experiences the effects of global warming the most?
Troposphere
71
What has happened to global temperature over the last 150 years?
Increased 0.8*C
72
What are some ways to analyze temps from 1000s of years ago?
Troposphere comp (airbubbles in ice), temp trends, greenhouse gas concentration; solar, snowfall, forest fire activity.
73
How do you determine what global temps are like today?
CO2 and therm readings
74
There is a _____ trend between carbon dioxide and temperature
Direct
75
Country with highest CO2 emissions
China (We produce just as much)
76
Which country produces the highest per capita amount of CO2
Australia
77
What is the greenhouse effect?
Earth's cycle of rising and falling CO2 levels over a long period of time due to greenhouse gases
78
What are the 3 factors that shape the earth's climate?
Sun, greenhouse effect, oceans storing CO2 (naturally cools)
79
What is the ocean's role in the earth's climate?
Storing CO2, regulating temp, evaporating and receiving water
80
What are the greenhouse gases?
**Water vapor,** CO2, methane, and nitrous oxide
81
true/false: Greenhouse gases were always there and just fluxuated in presence
True
82
How much (in ppm) CO2 is in the atmosphere?
390 ppm
83
How much more potent is nitrous oxide compared to Co2?
Nitrous oxide is 300x more potent than CO2
84
What is the global warming potential of methane?
25
85
How have humans contributed to the greenhouse effect?
Burning of fossil fuels, agricultural practices, landfills, industrial production, CFCs
85
Source of methane
Agricultural soils
85
Source of nitrous oxide
agricultural soils (fertilizer), denitrification
85
What pollutants could be cooling or warming the atmosphere?
aerosol and soot
85
What is the CGCM of the earth's climate?
a model that determines the avg temp and greenhouse gas content of the troposphere
85
Out of methane, nitrous oxide, and CO2, which is the only gas that has not leveled off in its production?
CO2
85
Source of carbon dioxide
Volcanic eruption, fossil fuels, iron and steel production, cement manufacture
85
What pollutants warm the atmosphere?
85
Is CO2 production a positive or negative feedback loop?
positive
85
What is a problem of global warming?
Could alter ocean currents and cause excessive cooling and heating
86
Why is dealing with global warming a difficult issue
Global, long term effects, costs and benefits controversial
87
Mitigation
Reducing greenhouse gas emissions
88
Adaptation
Recognize that some effects are unavoidable, so reduce harmful effects
89
What is the benefit of stratospheric ozone
Keeps UVC and UVB rays from reaching earth’s surface
90
What kind of UV Ray passes through ozone layer
UVA (causes sunburns)
91
What has been lowering the ozone concentration in the atmosphere?
CFCs, Chlorofluorocarbons
92
Global concentrations of ozone have depleted ___ %
10%
93
Ozone depletions are greatest at:
The poles
94
What does ozone depletion cause an increase of?
UVB radiation
95
Montreal protocol
Ban on substances that deplete the ozone layer (aerosols + CFCs)
96
Kyoto protocol
Greenhouse gas emission reduction (CO2, CH4, N2O)
97
Why was the Kyoto Protocol signed but not ratified by the US?
Developing countries weren’t included (developing countries are a primary source of greenhouse emissions)
98
Which pollutant can cause neurological damage?
Lead particulates
99
A once lush green area that experiences climate change drought and turns brown is a...
Positive feedback
100
The United Nations organization that studies global climate conditions is the...
IPCC
101
What is trapped within the permafrost in the arctic region?
CH4
102
CFC's are a problem because..
Last for many years reducing O3
103
What does IPCC stand for?
International Panel on Climate Change
104
What are the layers of a septic tank
Sludge, wastewater, scum
105
What does the inclusion of septic tanks help reduce
Point source pollution
106
Where is organic matter broken down in an on site septic disposal system
Bacteria in the tank and the field

APES (10 decks)

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