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APES > Chapters 14 and 15 > Flashcards

Chapters 14 and 15 Flashcards

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1
Q

Area Strip Mining

A

Terrain is flat; Overburden stripped away, mineral deposit extracted, terrain refilled with overburden

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2
Q

Contour Strip Mining

A

Terrain is hilly; Overburden stripped away, mineral deposit extracted, terrain refilled with overburden

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3
Q

Convergent plate boundary

A

lithospheric plates are pushed together

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4
Q

Core

A

Inner zone of the earth;

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5
Q

Crust

A

Solid outer zone of the earth

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6
Q

What are the two types of crust?

A

Continental and oceanic crust

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7
Q

Is the inner core of the earth solid or liquid

A

Solid

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8
Q

Is the outer core of the earth solid or liquid

A

liquid

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9
Q

Depletion time

A

The time it takes to exhaust 80% of a known nonrenewable resource

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10
Q

Divergent

A

Lithospheric plates move away from each other

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11
Q

Earthquake

A

Shaking of the ground resulting from fracturing/displacing rock

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12
Q

What does an earthquake create?

A

A fault

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13
Q

Economic depletion

A

Exhaustion of 80% of a nonrenewable resource

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14
Q

Erosion

A

how earth materials in terms of a landscape are dissolved/loosens/worn away and removed, then deposited in another

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15
Q

Geology

A

Study of the earth’s dynamic history

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16
Q

What do geologists do?

A

Study and analyze rocks and the dynamics of the earth’s interior and surface

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17
Q

high-grade ore

A

contains a high amount of the desired material

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18
Q

Identified resources

A

Location, quality, and quantity of a deposit are known

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19
Q

Igneous rock

A

magma wells up, cools, and solidifies into rock masses

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20
Q

Lithosphere

A

Outer shell of the earth; rigid; outermost part of the mantle outside of the asthenosphere; found in earth’s plates

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21
Q

Asthenosphere

A

Under lithosphere; malleable,moves around the tectonic plates

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22
Q

Low-grade ore

A

Ore has a smaller amount of the desired mineral

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23
Q

Magma

A

Molten rock below earth’s surface

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24
Q

Mantle

A

Earth’s interior btwn core + crust

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25
Metamorphic rock
Preexisting rock subjected to high pressures, high temps, chemical fluids, or a combo
26
Mineral
naturally occurring inorganic substance found as crystalline solid
27
Mineral resources
Mineral concentration that is useful
28
Mountaintop removal
Surface mining' uses machinery to remove the top of a mountain to expose coal underneath
29
Nanotechnology
use atoms and molecules to build materials from raw elements
30
Open pit
Dig minerals out of the earth's surface making an open pit
31
Ore
Metal-yielding material; contains waste material (gangue) and the desired metal
32
Other resources
ID'd and undiscovered resources NOT classified as reserves
33
Overburden
Soil and rock over a deposit
34
Plate tectonics (theory)
theory; explains the movements of lithospheric plates **at their boundaries**
35
Reserves
Resources that have been identified and can be extracted
36
Rock
Any material that takes up a large part of the earth's crust
37
Rock cycle
Processes that form and modify rocks and soil over millions of years
38
Sedimentary rock
Rock that forms from erosion products and sometimes dead organisms
39
Smelting
desired metal separated from rest of ore
40
Spoils
Rock waste from excavation
41
Strip mining
large chunks of the earth's surface removed in strips
42
Subduction zone
oceanic lithosphere slides under continental at convergent plate boundary
43
What forms at the boundary of a subduction zone?
Trench
44
Subsurface mining
Mining in a deep underground deposit
45
Tectonic plates
Lithosphere plates that move slowly via the mantle's flowing asthenosphere
46
transform boundary
Plates move in opposite but parallel directions along a fracture in the lithosphere
47
Fault
fracture in the lithosphere
48
Tsunami
Waves generated because of an earthquake
49
Undiscovered resources
Specific qualities and location unknown but potential supplies are believed to exist
50
Volcano
Fissure in earth's surface where magma + gases are released
51
Weathering
**THE PROCESS IN WHICH** Solid surface Rock is worn down and **solid + dissolved materials are separated**. Dissolved materials are sediment.
52
Aquifer
Porous layers of rock that can yield significant amounts of water
53
Desalination
Purification of salt/brackish water
54
How does desalination work?
Dissolved salts removed
55
Drainage basin/watershed
Land area that delivers water, sediment, and dissolved substances via small streams to a river
56
Drought
Area doesn't get enough water and evaporation increases
57
Evaporation
Liquid converts to a gas
58
What causes droughts?
Low precipitation or high temperatures
59
Floodplain
Valley floor next to a stream channel OR low area that has a potential for flooding
60
Groundwater
the Water that sinks into soil and is stored in aquifers; in the zone of saturation
61
Natural recharge
Natural replenishment of an aquifer via precipitation
62
Recharge area
Any land that allows water to pass through it into an aquifer
63
Reliable runoff
surface runoff that is a stable source of water
64
Saltwater intrusion
Movement of saltwater into freshwater aquifers
65
Why does saltwater intrusion happen?
Groundwater is withdrawn faster than it is recharged by precipitation
66
Stream
Flowing body of surface water
67
Subsidence
sinking of a part of the earth's crust
68
Surface runoff
Water flowing off the land into bodies of surface water
69
Surface water
precipitation that doesn't infiltrate the ground or return to the atmosphere
70
Water table
Upper surface of the zone of saturation, all pores in the rock are filled with water
71
zone of aeration
zone in soil that is not saturated with water, lies above the water table
72
Zone of saturation
Area where all pores in the rock are filled with water
73
Gangue
waste material from ore

APES (10 decks)

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