14-AIDS AND LENTIVIRUS Flashcards
(161 cards)
1
Q
What family does HIV belong to
A
Retroviridae
2
Q
What syndrome is caused by untreated HIV infection
A
AIDS
3
Q
What are the two types of HIV
A
HIV-1+HIV-2
4
Q
What genus does HIV belong to
A
Lentivirus
5
Q
What characteristic defines lentivirus incubation periods
A
long incubation period
6
Q
What does HIV stand for
A
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
7
Q
What immune cells does HIV primarily target
A
CD4+ T cells
8
Q
What role do CD4+ T cells play in the immune system
A
activation of other immune cells
9
Q
Which other cells besides CD4+ T cells are attacked by HIV
A
macrophages
10
Q
What happens to the immune system as HIV destroys CD4+ T cells
A
becomes weakened leading to immunodeficiency
11
Q
What are the three main stages of HIV infection
A
acute HIV infection+clinical latency+AIDS
12
Q
number of viral particles in blood
A
viremia
13
Q
What is the treatment goal for HIV regarding viral load
A
make it undetectable
14
Q
What drugs help prevent CD4 cell destruction
A
antiretroviral drugs
15
Q
What is the origin of HIV
A
cross-species infection from simian viruses in rural Africa
16
Q
What type of nucleic acid does HIV have
A
RNA
17
Q
What enzyme allows HIV to replicate its genome
A
reverse transcriptase
18
Q
What is the etiologic agent of AIDS
A
HIV
19
Q
How are lentiviruses transmitted
A
exchange of body fluids
20
Q
What feature of HIV complicates treatment
A
high mutation rates
21
Q
How does antiretroviral therapy affect lifespan
A
permits normal lifespan
22
Q
What was HIV-1 originally called
A
Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus III
23
Q
What simian virus is HIV-1 related to
A
SIV in chimpanzees
24
Q
Who discovered HIV-1
A
Luc Montagnier+Robert Gallo+Jay Levy
25
How many groups classify HIV-1 based on env genes
three groups
26
What are the HIV-1 group M subtypes
A-K (11 subtypes)
27
Where are HIV-1 groups N and O mainly found
West Central Africa
28
How does HIV-2 differ from HIV-1
less pathogenic+lower transmission rate
29
Where is HIV-2 endemic
West Africa
30
What simian virus is HIV-2 related to
SIV in sooty mangabeys
31
What animals are affected by non-primate lentivirus
horses+goats
32
What year were the first AIDS cases reported
1981
33
When was HIV identified as the cause of AIDS
1983
34
What was the first antiretroviral drug approved in 1987
AZT (azidothymidine)
35
What treatment revolutionized HIV care in 1996
HAART
36
What global initiative launched in 2003 addressed HIV/AIDS
PEPFAR
37
What prevention method was FDA-approved in 2012
PrEP
38
What gene codes for the inner surface of the envelope
gag
39
What protein product is coded by gag for the inner surface of the envelope
p17
40
What gene codes for the core coat for nucleic acids
gag
41
What protein product is coded by gag for the core coat for nucleic acids
p24
42
What gene codes for the core-binding protein
gag
43
What protein product is coded by gag for the core-binding protein
p9
44
What gene codes for the protein that binds to genomic RNA
gag
45
What protein product is coded by gag for binding to genomic RNA
p7
46
What gene codes for the protein that binds to CD4 on T cells
env
47
What protein product is coded by env for binding to CD4 on T cells
gp120
48
What gene codes for the transmembrane protein associated with gp120
env
49
What protein product is coded by env for transmembrane protein
gp41
50
What gene codes for the subunit of reverse transcriptase that degrades original HIV RNA
pol
51
What protein product is coded by pol for reverse transcriptase subunit that degrades original HIV RNA
p66
52
What gene codes for the subunit of reverse transcriptase
pol
53
What protein product is coded by pol for reverse transcriptase subunit
p51
54
What gene codes for integrase that mediates integration of HIV DNA into host genome
pol
55
What protein product is coded by pol for integrase
p31
56
What gene codes for protease that cleaves gag precursor
pol
57
What protein product is coded by pol for protease
p10
58
What gene codes for activating transcription of HIV provirus
tat
59
What protein product is coded by tat for activating transcription
p14
60
What gene codes for transporting viral mRNA to the cytoplasm
rev
61
What protein product is coded by rev for transporting viral mRNA
p19
62
What gene codes for infectivity factor
vif
63
What protein product is coded by vif for infectivity factor
p23
64
What gene codes for enhancing HIV replication
nef
65
What protein product is coded by nef for enhancing HIV replication
p27
66
What gene codes for viral assembly and budding
vpu
67
What protein product is coded by vpu for viral assembly and budding
p16
68
What gene codes for regulation of translation of viral genome
art
69
What protein product is coded by art for regulation of translation of viral genome
p20
70
What gene codes for viral infectivity
sor
71
What protein product is coded by sor for viral infectivity
p23
72
What gene codes for slowing down viral replication
3 prime orf
73
What protein product is coded by 3 prime orf for slowing down viral replication
p27
74
What gene codes for integration of HIV DNA into host genome
vpr
75
What protein product is coded by vpr for integration of HIV DNA
p15
76
What is a main route of HIV transmission during sex
unprotected vaginal+anal+oral contact
77
What is a main route of HIV transmission among drug users
sharing needles+syringes
78
How can HIV be transmitted from mother to child
pregnancy+childbirth+breastfeeding
79
What is the trend in HIV cases by gender
now more common in males
80
What is the homology between HIV-1 and HIV-2
fifty percent
81
Which two HIV genes are most similar between HIV-1 and HIV-2
gag+pol
82
Which HIV gene region differs greatly between HIV-1 and HIV-2
env
83
What is the first stage of HIV infection
acute infection
84
What are symptoms of acute HIV infection
fever+fatigue+flu-like illness
85
How is acute HIV infection described
worst flu ever
86
What is the second stage of HIV infection
clinical latency
87
What is another name for clinical latency
asymptomatic HIV infection+chronic HIV infection
88
What is the third stage of HIV infection
acquired immune deficiency syndrome
89
What characterizes AIDS stage
severely weakened immune system+opportunistic infections+cancers
90
What is the main effect of HIV on the immune system
persistent infection destroying immune system
91
What is the hallmark of HIV infection
decrease in CD4 T cells
92
What is a cardinal feature of HIV if CD4 T cells drop below 200
severe immunodeficiency
93
What happens to B cell activation in HIV infection
abnormal
94
What happens to cytotoxic T cell activity in HIV infection
reduction
95
What happens to delayed hypersensitivity reaction in HIV infection
decreased
96
What happens to cytokine and chemokine production in HIV infection
altered
97
What happens to monocyte and macrophage chemotaxis in HIV infection
decreased
98
What happens to natural killer cell activity in HIV infection
decreased
99
What is the first step of HIV-1 life cycle
virus attaches to CD4 membrane receptor
100
What happens after HIV attaches to CD4 receptor
sheds protein coat exposing RNA core
101
What does reverse transcriptase do in HIV
converts viral RNA into proviral DNA
102
What happens to proviral DNA in HIV
integrated into host genome
103
How are new HIV viruses produced
translation and transcription of host cell
104
How do new HIV particles exit the cell
budding from cell membrane
105
What are common signs and symptoms in HIV infection
adenopathy+cough+diarrhea+difficulty swallowing+fatigue+fever+headache+numbness+oral lesions+retinal lesions+shortness of breath+skin lesions+sweating+vision changes+weakness+weight loss
106
What is the primary stage of HIV infection called
acute retroviral syndrome
107
What characterizes the primary HIV infection stage
high viremia+flu-like symptoms
108
When do symptoms usually appear in primary HIV infection
3 to 6 weeks after infection
109
What symptoms are associated with acute retroviral syndrome
fever+lymphadenopathy+sore throat+arthralgia+myalgia+fatigue+rash+weight loss
110
Can patients be asymptomatic during primary HIV infection
yes
111
What is another name for clinical latency in HIV
asymptomatic HIV infection+chronic HIV infection
112
How long can clinical latency last
3 to more than 10 years
113
What happens to viremia during clinical latency
decreases
114
What is the hallmark of AIDS stage
absolute CD4 cell count less than 200 per microliter
115
What characterizes AIDS stage
profound immunosuppression+life-threatening infections+malignancies
116
What are common opportunistic protozoal infections in AIDS
Toxoplasma gondii+Isospora belli+Cryptosporidium species
117
What are common opportunistic fungal infections in AIDS
Candida albicans+Cryptococcus neoformans+Coccidioides immitis+Histoplasma capsulatum+Pneumocystis jiroveci
118
What are common opportunistic bacterial infections in AIDS
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare+Mycobacterium tuberculosis+Listeria monocytogenes+Nocardia asteroides+Salmonella species+Streptococcus species
119
What are common opportunistic viral infections in AIDS
Cytomegalovirus+Herpes simplex virus+Varicella-zoster virus+Adenovirus+Polyomavirus+JC virus+Hepatitis B virus+Hepatitis C virus
120
What malignancy is associated with AIDS
Kaposi’s sarcoma
121
What virus causes Kaposi’s sarcoma
Human herpesvirus 8
122
What causes oral thrush in HIV patients
Candida albicans
123
What causes San Joaquin Valley fever
Coccidioides immitis+Coccidioides posadasii
124
What is the relationship between viral load and CD4 cell count in HIV
inversely proportional
125
What happens to CD4 cells during primary infection
abrupt decline due to high viral load
126
What happens to CD4 cells during clinical latency
slight increase or stabilization
127
What happens to CD4 cells during AIDS
severe decrease due to increased viral load
128
What symptoms appear as CD4 cells decline and viral load increases
constitutional symptoms+systemic infections
129
What is the difficulty in diagnosing HIV in neonates
presence of maternal IgG causing false positives
130
What test is best for diagnosing HIV in neonates
p24 antigen test+RT-PCR
131
What is the hallmark of HIV infection in laboratory testing
decline in CD4 T cell count
132
What are screening tests for HIV antibody detection
ELISA+microfiltration enzyme immunoassay+agglutination tests+dot blot+home testing+urine and saliva tests
133
What is the confirmatory test for HIV antibody detection
Western blot
134
What antigen detection test is used for HIV
p24 antigen test
135
What nucleic acid tests are used for HIV
RT-PCR+branched chain DNA assay+nucleic acid sequence-based amplification
136
What tests assess HIV drug resistance
genotype resistance assay+phenotype resistance assay
137
What is IFA used for
antibody detection+antigen detection
138
What is IFA more sensitive and specific than
Western blot
139
What cells provide antigen source in IFA
HIV infected H9 or HUT 78 cells
140
How are IFA results interpreted
fluorescence intensity+percentage of fluorescent cells+localization to cell surface
141
What proteins are targeted in IFA antigen detection
p18+p24
142
What disinfectants inactivate HIV completely in 10 minutes at room temperature
10% household bleach+50% ethanol+35% isopropanol+1% Nonidet P40+0.5% Lysol+0.5% paraformaldehyde+0.3% hydrogen peroxide
143
What pH extremes inactivate HIV
pH 1.0+pH 13.0
144
What heat treatments inactivate HIV
56°C for 10 minutes in liquids or serum+68°C for 72 hours in lyophilized blood products
145
What is ART
antiretroviral therapy
146
What is the first treatment developed for HIV
azidothymidine (zidovudine)
147
What is the goal of ART
lower viral load+prevent CD4 cell destruction
148
What are benefits of ART
suppress virus+prevent AIDS+longer healthier life
149
Why is adherence important in ART
prevent drug resistance+maintain effectiveness
150
What must be regularly monitored during ART
viral load+CD4 cell count
151
What practice reduces HIV risk in people with multiple sex partners
safe sex practices
152
What program reduces HIV transmission among drug users
needle exchange programs
153
What does needle exchange programs provide
free clean hypodermic needles
154
What is PrEP
pre-exposure prophylaxis
155
What is the focus of ongoing HIV research
new treatments+vaccines+transmission prevention
156
Which region has the highest HIV/AIDS population percentage
Sub-Saharan Africa
157
What percentage of population in Sub-Saharan Africa lives with HIV/AIDS
three percent
158
What percentage of population in Caribbean lives with HIV/AIDS
one percent
159
What percentage of population in Latin America lives with HIV/AIDS
zero percent
160
What percentage of population in North America lives with HIV/AIDS
one percent
161
What percentage of population in Western and Central Europe lives with HIV/AIDS
zero percent
