15-GASTROINTESTINAL VIRUS Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
What type of virus is rotavirus
A
highly contagious double-stranded RNA virus
2
Q
What family does rotavirus belong to
A
Reoviridae
3
Q
What age group is most affected by rotavirus
A
infants and young children under five years
4
Q
What animals can rotavirus infect
A
calves and piglets
5
Q
What is the primary symptom of rotavirus infection
A
severe watery diarrhea
6
Q
How is rotavirus transmitted
A
fecal-oral route
7
Q
What allows rotavirus to survive on surfaces
A
contamination of objects and surfaces
8
Q
How many species of rotavirus are there
A
eight species from A to H
9
Q
What is the basis for rotavirus species classification
A
antigenic epitopes and VP6 protein sequence
10
Q
What is the structure of rotavirus
A
triple-layered protein capsid with 11 segments of double-stranded RNA
11
Q
What symptoms characterize primary rotavirus infection
A
sudden onset watery diarrhea+vomiting+fever+abdominal pain
12
Q
What severe complication can rotavirus cause
A
dehydration
13
Q
What is the most life-threatening complication of rotavirus
A
dehydration due to fluid loss
14
Q
What treatment is essential for severe dehydration from rotavirus
A
intravenous fluid replacement
15
Q
What diagnostic methods confirm rotavirus infection
A
enzyme immunoassay and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
16
Q
What is enzyme immunoassay used for in rotavirus diagnosis
A
detecting rotavirus antigens in stool
17
Q
What is reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction used for
A
detecting and amplifying rotavirus RNA in stool
18
Q
What is the main treatment approach for rotavirus infection
A
symptom management and rehydration
19
Q
What is the most effective prevention for rotavirus
A
vaccination
20
Q
When is rotavirus vaccine typically administered
A
oral doses during infancy
21
Q
What impact has rotavirus vaccination had
A
significant decrease in hospitalizations and deaths
22
Q
What are common symptoms of rotavirus in children
A
vomiting+severe fatigue+high fever+irritability+dehydration+abdominal pain
23
Q
What are signs of dehydration in children with rotavirus
A
dry mouth+cool skin+lack of tears+reduced urination+sunken eyes
24
Q
What symptoms might adults with rotavirus experience
A
vomiting+fatigue+fever+irritability+dehydration+abdominal pain
25
What is the incubation period for rotavirus symptoms
one to three days
26
What is the duration of rotavirus diarrhea and vomiting
three to eight days
27
What uncommon clinical features can rotavirus cause
acute encephalopathies+encephalitis+cerebellitis+neonatal leukoencephalopathy
28
What does rotavirus infection cause in the gastrointestinal tract
gastroenteritis with inflammation of stomach and intestines
29
What is the characteristic appearance of rotavirus under electron microscope
wheel-like
30
What is the main route of rotavirus spread
direct contact and contaminated hands or surfaces
31
What symptoms indicate dehydration from rotavirus
decreased urination+dry mouth+dizziness+few or no tears+sleepiness
32
What is the effect of rotavirus on immune status
no full immunity after infection or vaccination
33
What healthcare impact do rotavirus infections cause
strain on healthcare systems+increased hospitalizations+higher costs
34
What reduces severe rotavirus infections and healthcare utilization
widespread vaccination programs
35
What improves prevention of rotavirus transmission
access to clean water+proper sanitation+hand hygiene
36
What aids monitoring of rotavirus disease trends
global surveillance systems
37
What empowers communities in rotavirus prevention
community outreach programs+public awareness
38
What is crucial for mitigating rotavirus burden
prioritizing resource allocation+vaccination+sanitation+education
39
What type of virus is norovirus
highly contagious virus causing acute gastroenteritis
40
What family does norovirus belong to
Caliciviridae
41
What type of genome does norovirus have
single-stranded positive-sense RNA
42
How is norovirus transmitted
contaminated food+water+surfaces+person-to-person contact
43
What are primary symptoms of norovirus infection
nausea+vomiting+watery diarrhea+abdominal cramps
44
How soon do norovirus symptoms appear
12 to 48 hours after exposure
45
What is the usual duration of norovirus illness
1 to 3 days
46
What symptom may occasionally accompany norovirus
fever
47
How is norovirus diagnosed
clinical symptoms+epidemiological factors+molecular tests like reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction+enzyme immunoassay
48
What is the main treatment for norovirus
symptom management+rehydration therapy
49
Are antibiotics effective against norovirus
no
50
What reduces norovirus transmission by seventy percent
frequent handwashing
51
What reduces norovirus transmission by eighty-five percent
surface disinfection
52
What reduces norovirus transmission by ninety-two percent
prompt control measures
53
What public health impact do norovirus outbreaks have
healthcare disruptions+ward closures+procedure cancellations
54
When was norovirus first identified
1968
55
When was norovirus genus named
1972
56
What major norovirus outbreak occurred in 2002
cruise ship outbreaks
57
When did the United States Centers for Disease Control launch NoroSTAT
2006
58
When did the first norovirus vaccine candidate enter clinical trials
2012
59
How many norovirus outbreaks were reported in the United States in 2018
over nine hundred
60
What public health issue do school closures address
control spread of norovirus
61
What impact do school closures have
disrupt education+cause logistical challenges
62
What economic impact results from norovirus outbreaks
absenteeism+productivity losses+outbreak control costs
63
Who are vulnerable populations for severe norovirus illness
elderly+young children+immunocompromised individuals
64
What environmental factor increases norovirus transmission risk
environmental contamination
65
What is necessary to reduce norovirus transmission in environment
thorough cleaning+disinfection protocols
66
What is crucial in public health response to norovirus outbreaks
surveillance+investigation+control measures
67
What control measures help mitigate norovirus outbreaks
isolation+hygiene protocols
68
What type of viruses are adenoviruses
diverse group infecting various hosts including humans
69
How are adenoviruses transmitted
respiratory droplets+fecal-oral route+contaminated surfaces
70
Where do adenovirus outbreaks commonly occur
healthcare settings+childcare facilities
71
Which adenovirus species cause gastrointestinal infections
species F+species G
72
What symptoms are caused by adenovirus gastrointestinal infections
diarrhea+vomiting+abdominal cramps+dehydration
73
When were adenovirus gastroenteritis outbreaks reported in childcare and hospitals
2005
74
When were foodborne adenovirus outbreaks linked to produce
2009
75
When was person-to-person adenovirus transmission identified as major risk
2012
76
When were waterborne adenovirus outbreaks linked to recreational water
2015
77
When did adenovirus outbreaks occur in long-term care and cruise ships
2018
78
When was increased adenovirus risk noted in immunocompromised individuals
2021
79
What are clinical manifestations of adenovirus infection
diarrhea+fever+dehydration+abdominal pain+malaise
80
What is the first step in adenovirus diagnosis
stool sample collection+viral particle extraction
81
What is extracted for adenovirus testing
viral RNA or DNA
82
What molecular test is used for adenovirus detection
polymerase chain reaction
83
What technique confirms PCR products in adenovirus testing
gel electrophoresis
84
What optional test identifies adenovirus strains
sequencing
85
What is the main treatment for adenovirus gastroenteritis
supportive care+hydration+symptom management
86
Which antiviral drugs may be used in severe adenovirus cases
cidofovir+brincidofovir
87
When is hospitalization needed in adenovirus infection
severe dehydration+respiratory distress+complications
88
What prevention is crucial for adenovirus spread
hygiene+disinfection+outbreak control
89
What is the disease burden of adenovirus gastroenteritis
significant childhood diarrhea cases worldwide
90
Are there approved antiviral therapies or vaccines for adenovirus gastroenteritis
no
91
What settings are prone to adenovirus outbreaks
childcare facilities+hospitals
92
Why is understanding adenovirus gastroenteritis important
to improve prevention+patient management
93
What type of virus is astrovirus
single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus
94
What disease does astrovirus cause
acute gastroenteritis
95
What family does astrovirus belong to
Astroviridae
96
What is the electron microscopy appearance of astrovirus
star-shaped or stellate
97
Who is commonly infected by astrovirus
young children
98
Where do astrovirus outbreaks commonly occur
childcare centers+schools
99
Where does astrovirus spread in healthcare
hospitals+nursing homes
100
How is astrovirus transmitted
close contact+poor hygiene
101
When does astrovirus infection peak
winter months in temperate regions
102
What are common symptoms of norovirus infection
vomiting+diarrhea+stomach cramping
103
What less common symptoms can norovirus cause
low-grade fever+chills+headache+muscle aches
104
When do norovirus symptoms typically begin
12 to 48 hours after exposure
105
How long do norovirus symptoms usually last
1 to 3 days
106
Can people infected with norovirus be asymptomatic
yes
107
What is a risk for young children elderly and immunocompromised with norovirus
dehydration
108
What symptoms indicate dehydration from norovirus
decreased urination+dry mouth+dry throat+dizziness+few or no tears+unusual sleepiness
109
What should prompt medical attention in norovirus infection
persistent diarrhea+severe vomiting+bloody stools+stomach pain+dehydration
110
What family does norovirus belong to
Caliciviridae
111
What is the nature of norovirus transmission
highly contagious via contaminated food+water+surfaces+person-to-person contact
112
What is the typical symptom pattern of norovirus gastroenteritis
sudden onset vomiting+abdominal cramps+diarrhea
113
What symptoms are more prominent in children with norovirus
vomiting
114
What symptoms are more prominent in adults with norovirus
diarrhea
115
How long can norovirus be shed in stool after symptoms resolve
up to two weeks
116
What is the primary route of norovirus transmission
fecal-oral
117
What environments are common for norovirus outbreaks
hospitals+nursing homes+child care centers+schools+cruise ships
118
What is the main treatment for norovirus
symptom management+rehydration
119
Are antibiotics effective against norovirus
no
120
What public health measures reduce norovirus transmission
frequent handwashing+surface disinfection+prompt control measures
121
When was norovirus first identified as cause of gastroenteritis
1968
122
When was the norovirus genus named
1972
123
When did norovirus cause widespread outbreaks on cruise ships
2002
124
When did the Centers for Disease Control launch NoroSTAT
2006
125
When did the first norovirus vaccine candidate enter clinical trials
2012
126
How many norovirus outbreaks occurred in the United States in 2018
over nine hundred
