16-HEPATITIS VIRUS Flashcards
(416 cards)
1
Q
Which hepatitis viruses have cell tropism for hepatocytes
A
Hepatitis A + Hepatitis B + Hepatitis C + Hepatitis D + Hepatitis E
2
Q
Which hepatitis viruses are self-limiting and do not cause chronic infection
A
Hepatitis A + Hepatitis E
3
Q
Which hepatitis viruses can cause chronic infection
A
Hepatitis B + Hepatitis C + Hepatitis D
4
Q
Which hepatitis viruses are associated with risk of liver cancer
A
Hepatitis B + Hepatitis C
5
Q
Which hepatitis viruses are non-enveloped and transmitted by fecal-oral route
A
Hepatitis A + Hepatitis E
6
Q
Which hepatitis viruses are enveloped and transmitted parenterally
A
Hepatitis B + Hepatitis C + Hepatitis D
7
Q
Which hepatitis virus is a DNA virus
A
Hepatitis B
8
Q
Which hepatitis viruses are RNA viruses
A
Hepatitis A + Hepatitis C + Hepatitis D + Hepatitis E
9
Q
Which hepatitis virus family does Hepatitis A belong to
A
Picornaviridae
10
Q
Which hepatitis virus family does Hepatitis B belong to
A
Hepadnaviridae
11
Q
Which hepatitis virus family does Hepatitis C belong to
A
Flaviviridae
12
Q
Which hepatitis virus family does Hepatitis D belong to
A
Unclassified
13
Q
Which hepatitis virus family does Hepatitis E belong to
A
Hepeviridae
14
Q
Which hepatitis virus genus does Hepatitis A belong to
A
Hepatovirus
15
Q
Which hepatitis virus genus does Hepatitis B belong to
A
Orthohepadnavirus
16
Q
Which hepatitis virus genus does Hepatitis C belong to
A
Hepacivirus
17
Q
Which hepatitis virus genus does Hepatitis D belong to
A
Deltavirus
18
Q
Which hepatitis virus genus does Hepatitis E belong to
A
Hepevirus
19
Q
Which hepatitis virus has a 27 nanometer icosahedral virion
A
Hepatitis A
20
Q
Which hepatitis virus has a 42 nanometer spherical virion
A
Hepatitis B
21
Q
Which hepatitis virus has a 60 nanometer spherical virion
A
Hepatitis C
22
Q
Which hepatitis virus has a 35 nanometer spherical virion
A
Hepatitis D
23
Q
Which hepatitis virus has a 30 to 32 nanometer icosahedral virion
A
Hepatitis E
24
Q
Which hepatitis viruses have an envelope
A
Hepatitis B + Hepatitis C + Hepatitis D
25
Which hepatitis viruses do not have an envelope
Hepatitis A + Hepatitis E
26
Which hepatitis virus has a single stranded RNA genome
Hepatitis A + Hepatitis C + Hepatitis D + Hepatitis E
27
Which hepatitis virus has a double stranded DNA genome
Hepatitis B
28
Which hepatitis virus has a genome size of 7.5 kilobases
Hepatitis A
29
Which hepatitis virus has a genome size of 3.2 kilobases
Hepatitis B
30
Which hepatitis virus has a genome size of 9.4 kilobases
Hepatitis C
31
Which hepatitis virus has a genome size of 1.7 kilobases
Hepatitis D
32
Which hepatitis virus has a genome size of 7.2 kilobases
Hepatitis E
33
Which hepatitis virus is heat and acid stable
Hepatitis A
34
Which hepatitis virus is acid sensitive
Hepatitis B, C, D
35
Which hepatitis virus is ether and acid sensitive
Hepatitis C
36
Which hepatitis virus is heat stable
Hepatitis E
37
Which hepatitis viruses are transmitted by fecal-oral route
Hepatitis A + Hepatitis E
38
Which hepatitis viruses are transmitted parenterally
Hepatitis B + Hepatitis C + Hepatitis D
39
Which hepatitis virus has high prevalence
Hepatitis A + Hepatitis B
40
Which hepatitis virus has moderate prevalence
Hepatitis C
41
Which hepatitis virus has low or regional prevalence
Hepatitis D
42
Which hepatitis virus has regional prevalence
Hepatitis E
43
Which hepatitis virus rarely causes fulminant disease
Hepatitis A + Hepatitis B + Hepatitis C
44
Which hepatitis virus frequently causes fulminant disease
Hepatitis D
45
Which hepatitis virus causes fulminant disease in pregnancy
Hepatitis E
46
Which hepatitis viruses often cause chronic disease
Hepatitis B + Hepatitis C + Hepatitis D
47
Which hepatitis viruses never cause chronic disease
Hepatitis A + Hepatitis E
48
Which hepatitis viruses are oncogenic
Hepatitis B + Hepatitis C
49
Which hepatitis virus is not oncogenic
Hepatitis A + Hepatitis E
50
Which hepatitis virus is associated with possible oncogenicity
Hepatitis D
51
Which hepatitis virus is a small non-enveloped RNA virus causing acute hepatitis
Hepatitis A
52
Which hepatitis virus has a single stranded positive sense RNA genome of about 7.5 kilobases
Hepatitis A
53
Which hepatitis virus is primarily transmitted through contaminated food or water
Hepatitis A
54
Which hepatitis virus is inactivated by heating at 85 degrees Celsius for 5 minutes
Hepatitis A
55
Which hepatitis virus is shed in feces by the patient
Hepatitis A
56
Which hepatitis virus is highly endemic in developing countries with poor sanitation
Hepatitis A
57
Which groups are at higher risk for hepatitis A
Children + Travelers to endemic areas + Individuals with poor hygiene
58
Which outbreaks can occur in both endemic and non-endemic areas
Foodborne + Waterborne hepatitis A outbreaks
59
Which intervention has significantly reduced hepatitis A incidence in developed countries
Vaccination
60
Which receptor does hepatitis A virus use to enter host cells
HAVCR1 + TIM1
61
Which enzyme replicates the RNA genome of hepatitis A virus
RNA dependent RNA polymerase
62
Which immune cells kill infected hepatocytes in hepatitis A infection
Cytotoxic T cells
63
Which is the average incubation period for hepatitis A
28 days
64
Which groups are at increased risk for hepatitis A hepatitis
Children in day care + Caregivers in crowded institutions
65
Which marker is most practical for acute hepatitis A infection
IgM antibody
66
Which test is most commonly used to detect hepatitis A IgM antibody
Solid phase antibody capture enzyme immunoassay
67
Which antibody confers lifetime immunity to hepatitis A
IgG
68
Which hepatitis virus has no chronic infectious state
Hepatitis A
69
Which hepatitis virus has very effective vaccines
Hepatitis A
70
Which symptoms are common in hepatitis A
Fever + Fatigue + Loss of appetite + Nausea + Vomiting + Abdominal discomfort + Dark urine + Jaundice
71
Which complications can occur in hepatitis A
Cholestatic hepatitis + Relapsing hepatitis + Acute liver failure
72
Which test detects hepatitis A RNA
Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction
73
Which test is used for early detection of hepatitis A during outbreaks
Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction
74
Which laboratory findings indicate hepatocellular injury in hepatitis A
Elevated serum ALT + Elevated serum AST
75
Which test confirms recent or active hepatitis A infection
HAV IgM antibody test
76
Which hepatitis A antibody declines within 6 to 12 months
IgM
77
Which hepatitis A antibody confers lifetime immunity
IgG
78
Which hepatitis virus is diagnosed by clinical symptoms, liver enzyme tests, and HAV IgM antibody detection,
Hepatitis A
79
Which treatment is provided for hepatitis A
Supportive care
80
Which measures are included in supportive care for hepatitis A
Adequate fluid intake + Rest + Dietary management
81
Is there a specific treatment for hepatitis A
No
82
Which preventive measure is effective for hepatitis A
Hepatitis A vaccine
83
Which groups are recommended for hepatitis A vaccination
Travelers to endemic areas + People with chronic liver disease + Healthcare workers
84
How many doses of hepatitis A vaccine are required for long-lasting protection
Two doses
85
Which hygiene practice reduces hepatitis A transmission risk
Hand hygiene
86
Which specific actions are included in hand hygiene
Washing hands thoroughly with soap and water after restroom use and before food handling
87
Which food and water practice helps prevent hepatitis A infection
Consuming safe and properly cooked food + Drinking clean water
88
Which precaution is important in areas with poor sanitation or during outbreaks
Safe food and water practices
89
Which household measures prevent hepatitis A spread
Disinfecting surfaces + Proper handling and disposal of soiled items
90
What type of vaccine is the hepatitis A vaccine
Formalin-killed HAV
91
Which age group is recommended for routine hepatitis A vaccination
Children aged 12 to 23 months
92
Which intervention can prevent hepatitis A infection after exposure in nonimmunized individuals
Intramuscular injection of immune globulin
93
What is immune globulin
Sterile preparation of pooled human plasma containing antibodies to HAV
94
Which alternative can be used for post-exposure prophylaxis for hepatitis A
Hepatitis A vaccine
95
Which type of vaccine provides lifelong immunity
Attenuated vaccine
96
Which type of vaccine provides short-lived immunity
Killed vaccine
97
Which immune mechanism allows hepatitis A virus to evade host defenses
Limiting interferon production + Suppressing immune cell activation
98
Which population is at higher risk for hepatitis A due to poor hygiene
Children
99
Which recommendation is made for children regarding hepatitis A vaccination
Routine vaccination
100
Which group is at increased risk due to travel to endemic areas
Travelers
101
What is recommended for travelers to endemic areas
Pre-travel vaccination + Safe food and water practices
102
Which population is at higher risk and may experience more severe illness
Immunocompromised individuals
103
What is recommended for immunocompromised individuals regarding hepatitis A
Vaccination if not contraindicated + Strict hygiene measures
104
Which research area focuses on hepatitis A
Vaccine efficacy
105
Which study tracks the spread of hepatitis A outbreaks
Epidemiological study
106
Which clinical research evaluates new antiviral drugs for hepatitis A
Therapeutic investigation
107
Which scientific imaging reveals hepatitis A virus structure
High-resolution microscopic imaging
108
Which analysis identifies potential treatment targets for hepatitis A
Viral genomics
109
Which virus causes acute viral hepatitis with liver inflammation
hepatitis E virus
110
Which symptoms are associated with hepatitis E
Yellowing of skin and eyes + Abdominal pain + Nausea + Vomiting
111
How is hepatitis E primarily transmitted
Fecal-oral route via contaminated water or food
112
What is the genome structure of hepatitis E virus
Single-stranded positive-sense RNA
113
How many open reading frames does HEV genome encode
Three
114
Why is hepatitis E a public health concern in some areas
Poor sanitation
115
Which regions have high endemicity for hepatitis E
Parts of Asia + Africa + Central America
116
Where are sporadic cases of hepatitis E reported
Globally
117
What is linked to sporadic cases of hepatitis E
Travel to endemic regions + Consumption of contaminated food or water
118
Which countries have higher prevalence rates of hepatitis E
Developing nations
119
Which areas in developing nations have higher HEV prevalence
Rural and resource-limited areas
120
Which factor contributes to zoonotic transmission of hepatitis E
Animal reservoirs such as pigs and other mammals
121
Which modes of transmission are associated with hepatitis E
Fecal-oral transmission + Zoonotic transmission + Blood-borne transmission + Vertical transmission
122
Which host cell receptors does HEV attach to
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans
123
How does HEV enter hepatocytes
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis
124
What happens to HEV within the endosome
Viral capsid disassembles and RNA is released into cytoplasm
125
What is the function of viral RNA in HEV infection
Serves as mRNA for translation of non-structural proteins
126
What do non-structural proteins form in HEV infection
Replication complex
127
Which RNA intermediate is synthesized in HEV replication
Negative-sense RNA
128
What is the template for new positive-sense genomic and subgenomic RNAs
Negative-sense RNA
129
How are new viral proteins and genomic RNA assembled in HEV infection
Into mature virions
130
How are mature virions released from the cell in HEV infection
Exocytosis or cell lysis
131
What is the incubation period for hepatitis E
3 to 8 weeks
132
Where do hepatitis E outbreaks predominantly occur
Developing countries + Refugee camps
133
Which genotypes are predominant in outbreak regions
Genotypes 1 and 2
134
Which genotype is predominant in industrialized nations
Genotype 3
135
Which age group is most commonly affected by hepatitis E
Teens and young adults
136
Is mortality common in hepatitis E
No except in pregnant women
137
What is the mortality rate in pregnant women with hepatitis E
Up to 25 percent
138
Does hepatitis E progress to chronic infection
No except in immunocompromised individuals
139
Which immune cell percentages are found in liver biopsies of HEV patients
28 percent CD4+ T cells + 42 percent CD8+ T cells + 18 percent B cells + 12 percent natural killer cells
140
Which immune cell is most prevalent in HEV liver biopsies
CD8+ T cells
141
What is the function of CD8+ T cells in HEV infection
Attack virus-infected cells
142
Which symptoms are typical in hepatitis E
Nausea + Vomiting + Abdominal pain + Jaundice + Fever + Fatigue
143
What is the average incubation period for hepatitis E
40 days
144
What is the range of incubation period for hepatitis E
2 to 9 weeks
145
Which complications can occur in hepatitis E
Acute liver failure + Acute pancreatitis + Neurological manifestations + Adverse pregnancy outcomes
146
Which molecular test detects HEV RNA
Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction
147
Which samples are required for HEV RNA detection
Serum + Fecal samples
148
Which serological tests detect anti-HEV antibodies
IgM + IgG
149
Which sample is required for serological testing
Serum
150
Which liver function tests show increased levels at disease onset
Serum bilirubin + AST + ALT
151
Which antibody is a reliable test for acute HEV infection
IgM
152
Which antibody develops promptly and persists indefinitely
IgG
153
Which commercial assays are available for HEV antibody detection
Immunoassays
154
Why do commercial immunoassays vary in sensitivity and specificity
Antigenic variability of the virus
155
When is nucleic acid testing recommended for HEV
To confirm positive serology in non-endemic areas
156
Which test is performed if IgM is negative
Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction
157
Which sample is preferred for RT-PCR in HEV diagnosis
Stool samples collected within 3 weeks of clinical onset
158
Which supportive care measures are used for acute HEV infection
Adequate hydration + Managing nausea and vomiting + Monitoring liver function tests
159
Which intervention is necessary in severe cases of HEV infection
Liver transplantation
160
Which antiviral drug is used for chronic HEV infection
Ribavirin
161
Which group is ribavirin particularly effective for
Solid organ transplant recipients
162
What is the status of ribavirin use for HEV
Off-label
163
Which dietary modifications support liver function during HEV infection
Avoiding alcohol + Balanced diet with adequate protein
164
Which therapy may be considered for pregnant women with acute HEV infection
Intravenous immunoglobulin
165
What is the goal of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy
Reduce viral load + Improve outcomes
166
Which prevention measures are crucial for HEV
Handwashing + Proper food handling
167
Is HEV vaccination available
Yes in some countries
168
Which groups are recommended for HEV vaccination
High-risk groups
169
Which prevention strategy was implemented in 2010
Improve access to clean water and sanitation
170
Which prevention strategy was implemented in 2015
Food safety regulations for pork and undercooked meat
171
Which prevention strategy was implemented in 2018
Development and testing of HEV vaccine candidates
172
Which prevention strategy was implemented in 2021
Public awareness campaigns on HEV prevention
173
Which prevention strategy was implemented in 2023
Expansion of vaccination programs in high-risk regions
174
Which prevention strategy was implemented in 2025
Strengthening surveillance systems for HEV outbreaks
175
Which virus is hepatotropic and specifically infects liver cells
Hepatitis B virus
176
What is the genome structure of HBV
Partially double-stranded DNA
177
What is the approximate size of the HBV genome
3.2 kilobase pairs
178
How many overlapping open reading frames does HBV have
Four
179
Which proteins are encoded by HBV
Envelope protein + Core protein + Polymerase protein + X protein
180
What contributes to HBV’s ability to cause chronic liver infections and cancer
Unique genome structure + Hepatotropic nature
181
Which family does HBV belong to
Hepadnaviridae
182
Which routes transmit HBV
Blood transfusion + Needle sharing + Occupational injury + Mother-to-child + Sexual intercourse + Household exposure to body fluids
183
Which WHO region has the highest prevalence of HBV
Africa + Western Pacific
184
Which countries have the most new HBV infections
Low/middle-income countries in Asia
185
How many people were estimated to live with chronic HBV infection in 2016
257 million
186
How many deaths were attributed to HBV in 2000
887k
187
When did WHO recommend global HBV vaccination
1992
188
When was HBV discovered as a distinct virus
1965
189
Which receptors does HBV use to enter hepatocytes
Sodium-taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide
190
What happens to HBV capsid inside hepatocytes
Disassembles and releases genome
191
Which viral DNA molecule serves as a template for transcription
Covalently closed circular DNA
192
Which viral components assemble into mature virions
Nucleocapsids + Envelope proteins
193
How are mature HBV virions released
Secretory pathway
194
Which immune responses does HBV trigger
Innate + Adaptive
195
Why can HBV persist in the host
Evasion or suppression of immune responses
196
Which hepatitis viruses usually cause acute infection
Hepatitis A + Hepatitis E
197
Which hepatitis viruses usually cause chronic infection
Hepatitis B + Hepatitis C + Hepatitis D
198
Which virus is associated with an incubation period of 1 to 3 months but can be longer
Hepatitis B virus
199
Which immune cells cause much of the liver damage in acute HBV infection
CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes
200
What percentage of acute HBV cases develop fulminant fatal massive hepatocellular necrosis
1 percent
201
Which symptoms are common in acute HBV infection
Fever + Fatigue + Loss of appetite + Nausea + Vomiting + Abdominal pain + Dark urine + Clay-colored stools + Jaundice
202
Which individuals may not experience symptoms during acute HBV infection
Children
203
Which symptoms or conditions are associated with chronic HBV infection
Fatigue + Cirrhosis + Liver cancer
204
Which group may have no symptoms in chronic HBV infection
Asymptomatic individuals
205
How does chronic HBV progress
Slowly over decades leading to liver damage + Liver failure + Increased risk of liver cancer
206
Which groups have a higher risk of chronic HBV infection
Infants infected at birth + Immunosuppressed individuals + Adults acquiring HBV
207
Which markers diagnose acute HBV infection
IgM anti-HBc + HBsAg
208
Which group becomes chronic HBV carriers
Infants born with vertically acquired HBV
209
What persists in the host despite antibody production to core and e antigens
HBV DNA
210
Which markers diagnose chronic HBV infection
HBsAg + HBeAg + HBV DNA
211
Which antigen is detected in serum during acute or chronic HBV infection
Hepatitis B surface antigen
212
What does presence of HBsAg 6 months after acute infection indicate
Chronic carrier
213
What does presence of HBsAg indicate
Person is infectious
214
Which antigen is used to make hepatitis B vaccine
HBsAg
215
Which antibody is measured after HBV vaccination
Anti-HBsAg
216
Which antibody indicates recovery and immunity from HBV infection
Hepatitis B surface antibody
217
Which antibody develops after successful HBV vaccination
Hepatitis B surface antibody
218
Which antibody appears at onset of symptoms in acute HBV and persists for life
Total hepatitis B core antibody
ANTI HBc
219
What does presence of anti-HBc indicate
Previous or ongoing HBV infection
220
Which antibody indicates recent HBV infection
IgM antibody to hepatitis B core antigen
221
What does positivity of IgM anti-HBc indicate
Recent or acute infection
222
Which antibodies are present if patient is immune due to natural infection
Anti-HBc + Anti-HBs
223
Which antibody is detectable if patient is immune due to vaccination
Anti-HBs
224
Which markers indicate recent HBV infection
Positive HBsAg + Positive anti-HBc + Positive IgM anti-HBc
225
Which markers are present in chronic HBV infection
Positive HBsAg + Positive anti-HBc
226
Which antigen indicates high infectivity and chronic carrier state
HBeAg
227
What does presence of HBV DNA indicate
Active viral replication + High infectivity
228
Which antigen rises during the first 2 weeks to 3 months of HBV infection
HBe antigen
229
Which antigen declines after 3 months of HBV infection
HBsAg
230
Which antibody increases in the first 3 to 6 months of HBV infection
IgM anti-HBc
231
Which antibodies are detectable after 6 months of HBV infection
Anti-HBe + Anti-HBs + Anti-HBc
232
Which medications are used for chronic HBV infection
Nucleoside/nucleotide analogues such as tenofovir + Entecavir + Lamivudine
233
Which treatment is used for end-stage liver disease or hepatocellular carcinoma caused by chronic HBV
Liver transplantation
234
Which therapies are used to prevent recurrence after liver transplantation
Hepatitis B immune globulin + Antivirals
235
Which vaccine is highly effective in preventing HBV infection
Hepatitis B vaccine
236
Which groups are recommended for HBV vaccination
All infants at birth + Healthcare workers + People with multiple sexual partners
237
Which infection control measures prevent HBV transmission in healthcare settings
Proper handling and disposal of sharps + Use of personal protective equipment + Decontamination of surfaces
238
Which infection control measure is crucial for preventing HBV transmission
Strict adherence to standard precautions
239
Which special population is at risk of severe hepatitis B effects
Infants with hepatitis B
240
Which sign may be seen in infants with hepatitis B
Jaundiced skin and eyes
241
Which route can transmit HBV to immunocompromised individuals
Blood transfusion with contaminated blood products
242
Which patients are at increased risk for HBV infection due to weakened immune system
Immunocompromised patients
243
Which intervention highlights the importance of childhood immunization against HBV
Childhood vaccination
244
Which vaccine is administered to children for HBV prevention
Hepatitis B vaccine
245
Which mode of transmission is shared by hepatitis B and hepatitis C
Parenteral
246
Which hepatitis virus is oncogenic like HBV
Hepatitis C virus
247
Which virus is the leading cause of non-A non-B hepatitis
Hepatitis C virus
248
Which type of virus is HCV
Small enveloped positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus
249
What does the HCV genome encode
Single open reading frame for a polyprotein processed into structural and non-structural proteins
250
How is HCV classified
Seven major genotypes and numerous subtypes
251
What do HCV genotypes affect
Treatment response and disease progression
252
When was HCV identified as a distinct virus
1989
253
When was transmission via contaminated blood recognized as a major route for HCV
1990s
254
Which populations had high HCV prevalence in 2001
Injecting drug users + Prisoners
255
When were highly effective direct-acting antiviral drugs for HCV approved
2012
256
How many chronic HCV cases were estimated by WHO in 2016
71 million
257
When was maternal-infant transmission identified as important for HCV
2018
258
What is the global goal for HCV by 2030
Eliminate HCV as a public health threat
259
Which immune cells are inadequate in clearing HCV in most patients
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
260
What does chronic HCV infection lead to
Hepatic fibrosis + Hepatocellular regeneration + Cirrhosis + Hepatocellular carcinoma
261
Which symptoms may be present in acute hepatitis C
Fever + Fatigue + Decreased appetite + Nausea + Vomiting + Abdominal pain + Dark urine + Grey-colored stools + Joint pain + Jaundice
262
Which symptoms are common in chronic hepatitis C
Fatigue + Nausea + Lack of appetite + Abdominal pain
263
What are extrahepatic manifestations of HCV
Mixed cryoglobulinemia + Glomerulonephritis + Porphyria cutanea tarda + Lichen planus + Lymphoproliferative disorders
264
Which severe complications may result from chronic HCV
Decompensated cirrhosis + Hepatocellular carcinoma + Liver transplantation + Death
265
Which factors accelerate the course of HCV
Coinfection with HIV or HBV + Alcohol use
266
What can superinfection with HAV provoke in HCV patients
Fulminant hepatitis
267
Which treatment produces sustained remission in chronic HCV
Pegylated gamma-interferon + Ribavirin
268
Which HCV genotype has lower response rates to treatment
Genotype 1
269
What happens to ALT enzyme levels during HCV infection
Abrupt increase then fluctuation
270
Which tests detect antibodies against HCV
Enzyme immunoassays + Chemiluminescent immunoassays
271
Which test measures the amount of HCV RNA in blood
Quantitative molecular test
272
Which tests are used to assess liver function in HCV
ALT + AST + Imaging + Liver biopsy
273
Which tests identify HCV disease
Anti-HCV EIA + Confirmatory antibody testing + RT-PCR
274
Which test quantifies HCV in blood to monitor therapy
RT-PCR + Quantitative branched DNA
275
Which test identifies HCV genotypes
Viral genotyping using molecular techniques
276
Which drugs are direct-acting antivirals for HCV
Sofosbuvir + Ledipasvir/Sofosbuvir + Daclatasvir + Elbasvir/Grazoprevir
277
Which practices are important for HCV prevention
Safe injection + Screening for HCV + Avoid sharing personal care items
278
Which immune evasion mechanism is most effective for HCV
Inhibition of interferon signaling 85 percent
279
Which immune evasion mechanism disrupts natural killer cell function
Disruption of NK cell function 72 percent
280
Which immune evasion mechanism impairs T cell response
Impairment of T cell response 63 percent
281
Which immune evasion mechanism induces T cell exhaustion
Induction of T cell exhaustion 78 percent
282
Which population is at risk of HCV due to shared needles
Injection drug users
283
Which co-infection increases risk and challenges in HCV
HIV co-infection
284
Which population is at risk of HCV transmission during pregnancy or childbirth
Pregnant women
285
Which special population is at risk of severe hepatitis B effects
Infants with hepatitis B
286
Which sign may be seen in infants with hepatitis B
Jaundiced skin and eyes
287
Which route can transmit HBV to immunocompromised individuals
Blood transfusion with contaminated blood products
288
Which patients are at increased risk for HBV infection due to weakened immune system
Immunocompromised patients
289
Which intervention highlights the importance of childhood immunization against HBV
Childhood vaccination
290
Which vaccine is administered to children for HBV prevention
Hepatitis B vaccine
291
Which mode of transmission is shared by hepatitis B and hepatitis C
Parenteral
292
Which hepatitis virus is oncogenic like HBV
Hepatitis C virus
293
Which virus is the leading cause of non-A non-B hepatitis
Hepatitis C virus
294
Which type of virus is HCV
Small enveloped positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus
295
What does the HCV genome encode
Single open reading frame for a polyprotein processed into structural and non-structural proteins
296
How is HCV classified
Seven major genotypes and numerous subtypes
297
What do HCV genotypes affect
Treatment response and disease progression
298
When was HCV identified as a distinct virus
1989
299
When was transmission via contaminated blood recognized as a major route for HCV
1990s
300
Which populations had high HCV prevalence in 2001
Injecting drug users + Prisoners
301
When were highly effective direct-acting antiviral drugs for HCV approved
2012
302
How many chronic HCV cases were estimated by WHO in 2016
71 million
303
When was maternal-infant transmission identified as important for HCV
2018
304
What is the global goal for HCV by 2030
Eliminate HCV as a public health threat
305
Which immune cells are inadequate in clearing HCV in most patients
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
306
What does chronic HCV infection lead to
Hepatic fibrosis + Hepatocellular regeneration + Cirrhosis + Hepatocellular carcinoma
307
Which symptoms may be present in acute hepatitis C
Fever + Fatigue + Decreased appetite + Nausea + Vomiting + Abdominal pain + Dark urine + Grey-colored stools + Joint pain + Jaundice
308
Which symptoms are common in chronic hepatitis C
Fatigue + Nausea + Lack of appetite + Abdominal pain
309
What are extrahepatic manifestations of HCV
Mixed cryoglobulinemia + Glomerulonephritis + Porphyria cutanea tarda + Lichen planus + Lymphoproliferative disorders
310
Which severe complications may result from chronic HCV
Decompensated cirrhosis + Hepatocellular carcinoma + Liver transplantation + Death
311
Which factors accelerate the course of HCV
Coinfection with HIV or HBV + Alcohol use
312
What can superinfection with HAV provoke in HCV patients
Fulminant hepatitis
313
Which treatment produces sustained remission in chronic HCV
Pegylated gamma-interferon + Ribavirin
314
Which HCV genotype has lower response rates to treatment
Genotype 1
315
What happens to ALT enzyme levels during HCV infection
Abrupt increase then fluctuation
316
Which tests detect antibodies against HCV
Enzyme immunoassays + Chemiluminescent immunoassays
317
Which test measures the amount of HCV RNA in blood
Quantitative molecular test
318
Which tests are used to assess liver function in HCV
ALT + AST + Imaging + Liver biopsy
319
Which tests identify HCV disease
Anti-HCV EIA + Confirmatory antibody testing + RT-PCR
320
Which test quantifies HCV in blood to monitor therapy
RT-PCR + Quantitative branched DNA
321
Which test identifies HCV genotypes
Viral genotyping using molecular techniques
322
Which drugs are direct-acting antivirals for HCV
Sofosbuvir + Ledipasvir/Sofosbuvir + Daclatasvir + Elbasvir/Grazoprevir
323
Which practices are important for HCV prevention
Safe injection + Screening for HCV + Avoid sharing personal care items
324
Which immune evasion mechanism is most effective for HCV
Inhibition of interferon signaling 85 percent
325
Which immune evasion mechanism disrupts natural killer cell function
Disruption of NK cell function 72 percent
326
Which immune evasion mechanism impairs T cell response
Impairment of T cell response 63 percent
327
Which immune evasion mechanism induces T cell exhaustion
Induction of T cell exhaustion 78 percent
328
Which population is at risk of HCV due to shared needles
Injection drug users
329
Which co-infection increases risk and challenges in HCV
HIV co-infection
330
Which population is at risk of HCV transmission during pregnancy or childbirth
Pregnant women
331
Which new therapies are highlighted in recent research
New direct-acting antiviral therapies
332
Which vaccine development is highlighted in recent research
Novel vaccine candidate progress
333
Which diagnostic method is highlighted for improved accuracy in recent research
Non-invasive fibrosis assessment
334
Which virus is a defective RNA viroid requiring HBV surface antigen
Hepatitis D virus
335
Which viral protein is required for HDV expression and transmission
HBsAg
336
Which transmission modes are associated with HDV
Person-to-person in household + Intravenous drug abuse + Sexual transmission + Mother-to-child + Percutaneous transmission
337
Which regions are endemic for HDV
Middle East + South America + Central Africa + Mediterranean countries
338
Which risk factor is principal for HDV transmission in non-endemic areas
Intravenous drug abuse
339
Which coinfection or superinfection is associated with severe hepatitis
HBV coinfection or superinfection
340
Which complications are associated with HDV and HBV coinfection
Rapid progressive fibrosis + Hepatic decompensation + Hepatocellular carcinoma
341
Which tests are available for suspected HDV coinfection in HBsAg-positive individuals
Anti-HDV IgG + Anti-HDV IgM
342
Which flavivirus is related to HCV
Hepatitis GB virus-C
343
Where was GBV-C identified
In posttransfusion hepatitis
344
Is GBV-C hepatotropic
No
345
Does GBV-C replicate efficiently in hepatocytes
No
346
Does GBV-C cause acute or chronic hepatitis
No
347
Which effect does GBV-C coinfection with HIV have
Induces host antiviral activity against HIV + Prolongs survival
348
Which non-invasive methods assess liver fibrosis
Transient elastography + Shear wave elastography + Magnetic resonance elastography + Serum biomarkers
349
Which serum biomarker scores are used for liver fibrosis
APRI + FIB-4
350
Which imaging techniques measure liver stiffness
Transient elastography + Shear wave elastography + Magnetic resonance elastography
351
Which test is considered the gold standard for liver fibrosis
Liver biopsy
352
Which non-invasive test is the most accurate for liver fibrosis
Magnetic resonance elastography
353
Which serum biomarker is most validated for excluding advanced fibrosis
FIB-4 index
354
Which test can assess liver steatosis
Controlled attenuation parameter + MRI-estimated proton density fat fraction
355
Which test performs better for detecting liver steatosis
MRI-estimated proton density fat fraction
356
Which biomarker test has an AUC of 0.90 for advanced fibrosis
Enhanced Liver Fibrosis test
357
Which biomarker test has high sensitivity but poor specificity for advanced fibrosis at low cutoffs
Enhanced Liver Fibrosis test
358
Which non-invasive test is included in latest AASLD guidance for advanced fibrosis
FIB-4 index
359
Which cut-off for APRI is recommended for increased diagnostic accuracy in NAFLD
APRI >0.8
360
Which non-invasive test provides a controlled attenuation parameter for steatosis
Transient elastography
361
Which non-invasive test provides a liver stiffness measure in kPa
Transient elastography
362
Which non-invasive test has sensitivity and specificity for advanced fibrosis of 86.3% and 87.5%
Transient elastography
363
Which non-invasive tests have replaced liver biopsy for routine clinical practice
Imaging-based elastography + Serum biomarkers
364
Which serologic profile indicates susceptibility to hepatitis B
HBsAg negative + anti-HBc negative + anti-HBs negative
365
Which serologic profile indicates immunity due to natural hepatitis B infection
HBsAg negative + anti-HBc positive + anti-HBs positive
366
Which serologic profile indicates immunity due to hepatitis B vaccination
HBsAg negative + anti-HBc negative + anti-HBs positive
367
Which serologic profile indicates acute hepatitis B infection
HBsAg positive + anti-HBc positive + IgM anti-HBc positive + anti-HBs negative
368
Which serologic profile indicates chronic hepatitis B infection
HBsAg positive + anti-HBc positive + IgM anti-HBc negative + anti-HBs negative
369
Which serologic profile has an unclear interpretation with four possibilities
HBsAg negative + anti-HBc positive + anti-HBs negative
370
What are the four possibilities for HBsAg negative + anti-HBc positive + anti-HBs negative
Resolved infection + False positive anti-HBc + Low level chronic infection + Resolving acute infection
371
Which vaccine is recommended at birth
Hepatitis B vaccine
372
Which vaccines are scheduled at 1 to 2 months
Hepatitis B vaccine
373
Which vaccines are scheduled at 2 months
Rotavirus + Diphtheria tetanus acellular pertussis + Haemophilus influenzae type B + Pneumococcal conjugate + Inactivated poliovirus
374
Which vaccines are scheduled at 4 months
Rotavirus + Diphtheria tetanus acellular pertussis + Haemophilus influenzae type B + Pneumococcal conjugate + Inactivated poliovirus
375
Which vaccines are scheduled at 6 months
Rotavirus + Diphtheria tetanus acellular pertussis + Haemophilus influenzae type B + Pneumococcal conjugate + Inactivated poliovirus
376
Which vaccines are scheduled at 6 to 18 months
Hepatitis B + Inactivated poliovirus
377
Which vaccine is scheduled at 12 months
Hepatitis A
378
Which vaccines are scheduled at 12 to 15 months
Measles mumps rubella + Varicella + Haemophilus influenzae type B + Pneumococcal conjugate
379
Which vaccine is scheduled at 15 to 18 months
Diphtheria tetanus acellular pertussis
380
Which vaccine is scheduled at 18 to 23 months
Hepatitis A
381
Which vaccines are scheduled at 4 to 6 years
Diphtheria tetanus acellular pertussis + Inactivated poliovirus + Measles mumps rubella + Varicella
382
Which vaccines are scheduled at 11 to 12 years
Tdap booster + Human papillomavirus + Meningococcal
383
Which vaccine is scheduled at 16 years
Meningococcal
384
Which vaccine is recommended yearly beginning at 6 months
Influenza vaccine
385
What is the site of latency for hepatitis B virus
Liver
386
What are the possible outcomes of hepatitis B infection
Acute infection with resolution + Fulminant hepatitis + Chronic hepatitis + Asymptomatic carrier state + Chronic persistent + Chronic active
387
What is the diagnosis for hepatitis B infection
Serology + Viral antigen detection + Polymerase chain reaction
388
Is hepatitis B virus oncogenic
Yes causes liver cancer
389
What are the treatments for hepatitis B
Antivirals + Liver transplant for fulminant disease
390
What are the prevention methods for hepatitis B
Hepatitis B vaccine + Hepatitis B immune globulin
391
Which family does hepatitis B virus belong to
Hepadnaviridae
392
What is the common name for hepatitis B virus
Hepadnavirus
393
What are the characteristics of hepatitis B virus
Partly double stranded DNA genome + Icosahedral capsid with envelope + Surface antigen is Australia antigen
394
How is hepatitis B virus transmitted
Direct contact + Exchange of body secretions + Contaminated blood products + Percutaneous injection + Perinatal exposure
395
Which family does hepatitis C virus belong to
Flaviviridae
396
What is the common name for hepatitis C virus
Flavivirus
397
What are the characteristics of hepatitis C virus
Single stranded RNA genome + Spherical and icosahedral capsid with envelope
398
How is hepatitis C virus transmitted
Parenteral + Sexual
399
What diseases are associated with hepatitis C virus
Acute and chronic hepatitis + Hepatocellular carcinoma
400
What is the diagnosis for hepatitis C virus
Serology + RT-PCR + Viral genotyping
401
What are the treatments for hepatitis C virus
Supportive + Interferon
402
How is hepatitis C virus infection prevented
Avoid contact with virus + Screen blood supply for antibody to hepatitis C virus
403
Which hepatitis A antibody is detectable at onset of symptoms and persists for life
Anti-HAV
404
Which hepatitis A antibody indicates recent infection
IgM anti-HAV
405
Which hepatitis B surface antigen is detected in large quantity in serum
HBsAg
406
Which hepatitis B e antigen is associated with HBV nucleocapsid and indicates viral replication
HBeAg
407
Which hepatitis B surface antibody indicates past infection and immunity
Anti-HBs
408
Which hepatitis B e antibody is present in serum of HBsAg carrier and suggests lower titer of HBV
Anti-HBe
409
Which hepatitis B core antibody indicates infection with HBV at some time in the past
Anti-HBc
410
Which hepatitis B core IgM antibody indicates recent infection
IgM anti-HBc
411
Which hepatitis C antibody is a common indicator of posttransfusion hepatitis
Anti-HCV
412
Which hepatitis D antigen is detectable in early acute HDV infection
HDAg
413
Which hepatitis D antibody indicates past or present infection
Anti-HD
414
Which hepatitis E antibody is detectable in early acute infection
Anti-HEV
415
Which immune globulin contains antibodies to HAV
IG
416
Which hepatitis B immune globulin contains high titers of anti-HBs
HBIG
