LTRG Ch 1 Grammar

Question 1

Alphabet

Answer 1

Α α - alpha
Β β - beta
Γ γ - gamma
Δ δ - delta
Ε ε - epsilon
Ζ ζ - zeta
Η η - eta
Θ θ - theta
Ι ι - iota
Κ κ - kappa
Λ λ - lambda
Μ μ - mu
Ν ν - nu
Ξ ξ - xi
Ο ο - omicron
Π π - pi
Ρ ρ - rho
Σ σς - sigma
Τ τ - tau
Υ υ - upsilon
Φ φ - phi
Χ χ - chi
Ψ ψ - psi
Ω ω - omega

Question 2

Consonants

Answer 2

Voiceless, Voiced, Aspirated, + σ
Labials: π, β, φ, ψ
Dentals: τ, δ, θ
Palatals: κ, γ, χ, ξ

Question 3

Vowels

Answer 3

Short - Long (add macrons where appropriate)
α α
ε η
ι ι
ο ω
υ υ

Question 4

Rough and Smooth Breathings

Answer 4

Rough: ῾
Smooth: ᾿

Question 5

Punctuation

Answer 5

Period - . (as in English)
Comma - , (as in English)
Semicolon - · (raised dot)
Colon - · (raised dot)
Question mark - ;

Question 6

The Possibilities of Accent

Answer 6

1 - α ρ ὺ (if ultima is followed by another word)
2 - α ρ ύ (if ultima is followed by a punctuation mark signalling a pause)
3 - α ρ´ υ (not possible if penalt is long and ultima is short)
4 - ά ρ υ (ultima must be short)
5 - α ρ ῦ (ultima must be long)
6 - α ρ῀ υ (if penalt is long and is accented and if ultima is short)

Question 7

Summary of Nominative Case

Answer 7

1 - subject
2 - predicate nominative (as when a verb like “be,” “become,” and “seem” links the subject to an element equivalent to the subject)

Question 8

Summary of Genitive Case

Answer 8

Used to qualify or limit another noun
1 - “of” (Genitive of Possession)
2 - “from” (Genitive of Separation)

Question 9

Summary of Dative Case

Answer 9

1 - “to,” “for” (Dative of Reference)
2 - “with,” “by (means of)” (Dative of Means/Instrument)
3 - “in,” “on” (with preps.) (Dative of Location)

Question 10

Summary of Accusative Case

Answer 10

1 - direct object
2 - “toward,” “(in)to,” “against” (with preps.)
Many ideas of motion toward, into, or against are expressed in the accusative preceded by a preposition.

Question 11

Summary of Vocative Case

Answer 11

Direct address

Question 12

The Three Declensions

Answer 12

First declension: σοφία, σοφίας, ἡ
γνώμη, γνώμης, ἡ
Second declension: λόγος, λόγου, ὁ
ὅπλον, ὅπλου, τό
Third declension: δαίμων, δαίμονος, ὁ or ἡ
σῶμα, σώματος, τό
1. Nouns ending in -α or -η in the nominative singular and -ας or -ης in the genitive singular belong to the first declension
2. Nouns ending in -ος or -ον in the nominative singular and -ου in the genitive singular belong to the second declension
3. Nouns of the third declension have a great variety of nominative singular forms; their genitive singular forms usually end in -ος

Question 13

First Declension: Case Endings of the First Declension (long-alpha and eta nouns)

Answer 13

Long-alpha nouns:
nom: -α -αι
gen: -ας -ῶν
dat: -ᾳ -αις
acc: -αν -ας
eta nouns:
nom: -η -αι
gen: -ης -ῶν
dat: -ῃ -αις
acc: -ην -ας
Note: All first declension nouns have an alternative dative plural ending, -αισι(ν)
Accent rule 1: the -αι in the nominative/vocative plural forms counts as short for purposes of accent.
Accent rule 2: the genitive plural ending -ῶν has a circumflex in all first declension nouns regardless of persistent accent
Accent rule 3: If the persistent accent on any first declension noun is an acute on the ultima (as in ἀγορά and βουλή), the acute becomes a circumflex in the genitive and dative singular and plural.

Question 14

Decline first declension noun: χώρα, χώρας, ἡ

Answer 14

nom sing.: χώρα
gen. sing: χώρας
dat. sing: χώρᾳ
acc. sing: χώραν

nom. pl: χῶραι
gen. pl: χωρῶν
dat. pl: χώραις
acc. pl: χώρας

Question 15

Decline first declension noun: ἀγορά, ἀγορᾶς, ἡ

Answer 15

ἀγορά
ἀγορᾶς
ἀγορᾷ
ἀγοράν

ἀγοραί
ἀγορῶν
ἀγοραῖς
ἀγοράς

Question 16

Decline first declension noun: δίκη, δίκης, ἡ

Answer 16

δίκη
δίκης
δίκῃ
δίκην

δίκαι
δικῶν
δίκαις
δίκας

Question 17

Decline first declension noun: βουλή, βουλῆς, ἡ

Answer 17

βουλή
βουλῆς
βουλῇ
βουλήν

βουλαί
βουλῶν
βουλαῖς
βουλάς

Question 18

Second Declension Nouns: Case endings for -ος nouns (masc/fem)

Answer 18

-ος
-ου
-ῳ
-ον
-ε

-οι
-ων
-οις
-ους
-οι

1. The vocative singular of masculine/feminine nouns of the second declension has an ending that is different from the nominative singular ending.
2. Unlike first declension nouns, second-declension nouns do not all have a circumflex in the genitive plural
3. All second declension nouns have an alternative dative plural ending, -ουσι(ν), which appears in Attic poetry and other dialects.

Question 19

Decline second declension noun: νόμος, νόμου, ὁ

Answer 19

νόμος
νόμου
νόμῳ
νόμον
νόμε

νόμοι
νόμων
νόμοις
νόμους
νόμοι

Question 20

Second declension nouns: case endings for -ον nouns (neuter)

Answer 20

nom/voc -ον
-ου
-ῳ
-ον

nom/voc -α
-ων
-οις
-α
1. The nominative/vocative ending and the accusative endings are the same
2. All second declension nouns have an alternative dative plural ending, -ουσι(ν), which appears in Attic poetry and other dialects.

Question 21

Decline second declension noun: τέκνον, τέκνου, τό

Answer 21

τέκνον
τέκνου
τέκνῳ
τέκνον

τέκνα
τέκνων
τέκνοις
τέκνα

Question 22

Decline second declension noun: θεός, θεοῦ, ὁ or ἡ

Answer 22

θεός
θεοῦ
θεῷ
θεόν
(no vocative)

θεοί
θεῶν
θεοῖς
θεούς
Note: if a given accent on any second-declension noun is an acute on the ultimate, as here, the acute becomes a circumflex in the genitive and dative singular and plural.

Question 23

Decline second declension noun: ἄνθρωπος, ἀνθρώπου, ὁ or ἡ

Answer 23

ἄνθρωπος
ἀνθρώπου
ἀνθρώπῳ
ἄνθρωπον
ἄνθρωπε

ἄνθρωποι
ἀνθρώπων
ἀνθρώποις
ἀνθρώπους
Note: In accordance with the rules for the possibilities of accent, the persistent accent on this noun (acute on the antepenult) must move to the penult in the genitive and dative singular and the genitive, dative, and accusative plural
Note: The persistent accent remains on the antepenult in teh nominative/vocative plural because the ultima counts as short

Question 24

Decline second declension noun: ζῷον, ζῴου, τό

Answer 24

ζῷον
ζῴου
ζῴῳ
ζῷον
ζῷον

ζῷα
ζῴων
ζῴοις
ζῷα
Note: In accordance with the rules for the possibilities of accent, the persistent accent here (circumflex on a long penult with a short ultima) must change to an acute in the genitive and dative singular and plural because the ultima in these forms is long

Question 25

The Article: masculine, feminine, and neuter

Answer 25

ὁ ἡ τό
τοῦ τῆς τοῦ
τῷ τῇ τῷ
τόν τήν τό

οἱ αἱ τά
τῶν τῶν τῶν
τοῖς ταῖς τοῖς
τούς τάς τά
Note: As for all first- and second-declension nouns, all dative plural forms of the article have alternative forms τοῖσι(ν) (masc., neut.) and ταῖσι(ν) (fem.), which appear in Attic poetry and in other dialects.

Question 26

Uses of the Article

Answer 26

1. The article may be used to refer to specific people or things
2. The article is often used with the names of famous people and of people previously named.
3. The article is used to indicate that a noun belongs to someone in a sentence, often the subject. (Translation would be “my,” “your,” “his,” “her,” “its,” “our,” “their”).
4. The article is used to refer to generic people or things.
5. The article is regularly used with abstract nouns.

Question 27

The Attributive Position

Answer 27

A word or phrase that describes or limits a noun (e.g., a Genitive of Possession or a prepositional phrase) may be placed directly after an article agreeing with that noun. Such a placement is called the attributive position.
ἡ τῆς ῾Ελένης οἰκία
τὰ ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ ζῷα
ἡ οἰκία ἡ τῆς ῾Ελένης
τὰ ζῷα τὰ ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ