HQ Unit 4 Flashcards
First Declension Nouns: Feminine nouns with nominative singular in short -α - description and endings
Their declension is different only in having short -α in the nominative/vocative and accusative singular. In nouns whose stem ends in ε, ι, or ρ, the endings of the genitive and dative singular have α instead of η.
-α -α
-ης -ας
-ῃ -ᾳ
-αν -αν
-αι
-ῶν
-αις
-ας
First Declension Nouns: Feminine nouns with nominative singular in short -α – θάλαττα
θάλαττα, θαλάττης, ἡ - sea
θάλαττα
θαλάττης
θαλάττῃ
θάλατταν
θάλατται
θαλαττῶν
θαλάτταις
θαλάττας
First Declension Nouns: Feminine nouns with nominative singular in short -α – μοῦσα
μοῦσα, μούσης, ἡ - muse
μοῦσα
μούσης
μούσῃ
μοῦσαν
μοῦσαι
μουσῶν
μούσαις
μούσας
First Declension Nouns: Feminine nouns with nominative singular in short -α – γέφυρα
γέφυρα, γεφύρας, ἡ - bridge
γέφυρα
γεφύρας
γεφύρᾳ
γέφυραν
γέφυραι
γεφυρῶν
γεφύραις
γέφυρας
First Declension Nouns: Feminine nouns with nominative singular in short -α – μοῖρα
μοῖρα, μοίρας, ἡ - fate
μοῖρα
μοίρας
μοίρᾳ
μοῖραν
μοῖραι
μοιρῶν
μοίραις
μοῖρας
First Declension Nouns: Masculine nouns with nominative singular in -ης or -ας - description and endings
Some first-declension nouns are masculine and have a nominative singular ending in -ης or, when the stem of the noun ends in ε, ι, or ρ, a nominative singular ending in -ας. The endings of these nouns differ from those of feminine first-declension nouns only in the nominative, genitive, and sometimes vocative singular.
-ης -ας
-ου -ου
-ῃ -ᾳ
-ην -αν
-α,-η -α
-αι
-ῶν
-αις
-ας
-αι
First Declension Nouns: Masculine nouns with nominative singular in -ης or -ας - πολίτης
πολίτης, πολίτου, ὁ - citizen
πολίτης
πολίτου
πολίτῃ
πολίτην
πολῖτα
πολῖται
πολιτῶν
πολίταις
πολίτας
First Declension Nouns: Masculine nouns with nominative singular in -ης or -ας - ποιητής
ποιητής, ποιητοῦ, ὁ - poet
ποιητής
ποιητοῦ
ποιητῇ
ποιητήν
ποιητά
ποιηταί
ποιητῶν
ποιηταῖς
ποιητάς
First Declension Nouns: Masculine nouns with nominative singular in -ης or -ας - νεανίας
νεανίας, νεανίου, ὁ - young man
νεανίας
νεανίου
νεανίᾳ
νεανίαν
νεανία
νεανίαι
νεανιῶν
νεανίαις
νεανίας
Three-ending adjectives of the first and second declensions - αγαθός
αγαθός, αγαθή, αγαθόν - good
Three-ending adjectives of the first and second declensions - ἄξιος
m - f - n
ἄξιος, αξία, ἄξιον - worthy
Note: When the stem of a first- and second-declension adjective ends in ε, ι, ρ, the feminine singular endings have α instead of η.
Two-ending adjectives of the second declension - ἄδικος
m/f - n
ἄδικος, ἄδικον - unjust
Position of the Adjective: Attributive Position
The adjective in the attributive position, together with the noun which it modifies, forms a phrase.
ὁ αγαθὸς ἄνθρωπος - the good man
ὁ ἄνθρωπος ὁ αγαθός - the good man
ἄνθρωπος ὁ αγαθός - the good man
Position of the Adjective: Predicate Position
An adjective which agrees with a noun accompanied by the article, but which itself is not preceded by the article, is in the predicate position. The phrase consisting of noun and article becomes the subject, and the adjective the predicate adjective, of a complete sentence. These are called nominal sentences.
ὁ ἄνθρωπος αγαθός - the man is good
αγαθὸς ὁ ἄνθρωπος - the man is good
οἱ ἄνθρωποι αγαθοί - the men are good/men are good
Predicate noun
A nominal sentence can also consist of two nouns, one used as a subject, the other as a predicate noun. The subject usually has the article, but the predicate noun does not.
τὸ βιβλίον δῶρον - the book is a gift
δῶρον τὸ βιβλίον - the book is a gift
Conditional sentences: (1) Future more vivid conditional sentence
εαν άγγελον πέμπῃ/πέμψῃ, την μάχην παύσουσιν
Protasis: εάν (“if”) + subjunctive
Apodosis: future indicative
Translation formula: does/will do
If he sends a messenger, they will stop the battle.
Note: The use of the present subjunctive or the aorist subjunctive depends on the aspect one wishes to express: progressive/repeated aspect or simple aspect.
Conditional sentences: (2) Future less vivid conditional sentence
ει άγγελον πέμποι/πέμψαι/πέμψειεν, την μάχην παύοιεν/παύσαιεν/παύσειαν ἄν.
Protasis: εἰ (“if”) + optative
Apodosis: optative + άν
Translation formula: should do/would do
If he should send a messenger, they would stop the battle.
Conditional sentences: (3) Present general conditional sentence
εαν άγγελον πέμπῃ/πέμψῃ, την μάχην παύουσιν.
Protasis: εάν (“if”) + subjunctive
Apodosis: present indicative
Translation formula: does/does
If he sends a messenger, they stop the battle.
Conditional sentences: (4) Past general conditional sentence
εἰ άγγελον πέμποι/πέμψαι/πέμπψειεν, την μάχην έπαυον.
Protasis: εἰ + optative
Apodosis: imperfect indicative
Translation formula: did/did
If he sent a messenger, they stopped the battle.
Conditional sentences: (5) Present contrafactual conditional sentence
εἰ άγγελον ἔπεμπεν, την μάχην έπουον άν.
Protasis: εἰ + imperfect indicative
Apodosis: imperfect indicative + άν
Translation formula: were doing/would be doing
If he were sending a messenger, they would be stopping the battle.
Conditional sentences: (6) Past contrafactual conditional sentence
εἰ άγγελον έπεμψεν, την μάχην έπαυσαν άν.
Protasis: εἰ + aorist indicative
Apodosis: aorist indicative + άν
Translation formula: had done/would have done
If he had sent a messener, they would have stopped the battle.
