L1 Flashcards

1
Q

The scientific study of the interaction between hormones and behaviour

A

behavioural endocrinology

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2
Q

coordinated responses of an organism to internal / external stimuli (ie. environment)

A

behaviour

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3
Q

Complex network of nerves and cells that carry messages to / from the brain and spinal cord to various parts of the body

A

nervous system

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4
Q

collection of glands in an organism and the hormones produced by these glands

A

endocrine system

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5
Q

The endocrine system includes the ___, ____, _____ and ____ glands, as well as the _____. It also includes organs such as the ____, _______ _____.

A

adrenal, thryoid, parathyroid, pituitary, hypothalamus, testes, ovaries, pancreas

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6
Q

network of cells, tissues and organs that work together to protect the body from pathogens (or from itself)

A

immune system

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7
Q

Starling and Bayliss examined ____ secretion in dogs. They realized that whenever food or ___ was put into the ___, the pancreas would ____. This effect would be seen even if all the ___ were removed from the duodenum. Thus they postulated that rather than the two organs communicating via the ___ system, they were communicating by a _____ signal sent by the duodenum (ie. _____)

A

pancreatic, acid, duodenum, nerves, nervous, blood-borne, secretin

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8
Q

Starling defined that hormones are ___ ____ which speeding from cell to cell along the bloodstream, may ___ the activities and ____ of different parts of the body

A

chemical messengers, coordinate, growths

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9
Q

Berthold’s first formal experiment in endocrinology showed that male chickens that were _____ showed lower male-typical behaviour. However, either ___ or _____ of the testes resulted in normal male behaviour.

A

caponized, transplantation, reimplantation

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10
Q

Berthold’s experiment showed that testes are _____ organs, and that if they are, they can function and produce ____. Because all the testes functioned normally after all the nerves were severed, there are no specific nerves _____ testicular function. Berthold proposed that the testes must release some _____ ___ ____ product that’s responsible for the normal development of birds

A

transplantable, sperm, directing, secretory blood borne

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11
Q

In the late 19th century, physicians began reporting successful treatment of patients with ____ ____, by administering extracts of ____ ____ ______ (e.g. thyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas)

A

hormone deficiencies, animal endocrine tissues

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12
Q

The term hormone, was coined by _____ in the early ____ century, which triggered an increased interest in research in hormones

A

Sterling, 20th

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13
Q

In the mid 20th century, Frank A Beach and William C. _____ produced ____ research on hormones and mating behaviour, which truly began the field of behavioural endocrinology

A

Young, seminal

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14
Q

In the late 20th century, the scientific journal _____ and _____, made its first publication. In ____, the society for behavioural neuroendocrinology was formed

A

hormones, behaviour, 1996

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15
Q

an organic chemical messenger released from endocrine cells that travels through the blood system to interact with cells at some distance away and causes a biological response

A

hormone

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16
Q

a hormone will not give a response if the cell is not a ___ cell, because it has no ___

A

target, receptors

17
Q

____ ______ ____ ___ is as important as hormone concentration, as receptor ____ can produce ceiling or floor effects

A

hormone specific receptor availability, saturation

18
Q

any substance that’s provided by a cell that affects the function of another cell

A

chemical messenger

19
Q

a chemical messenger that evokes proliferation of other cells, especially in the immune system

A

cytokine

20
Q

a hormone produced by a neuron

A

neurohormonea

21
Q

a peptide hormone produced by a neuron

A

neuropeptide

22
Q

a steroid hormone produced by a neuron

A

neurosteroid

23
Q

a chemical messenger that acts across the neural synapse

A

neurotransmitter

24
Q

a messenger that changes (modulates) the response of a neuron to some other factors

A

neuromodulator

25
Q

Oxytocin and vasopressin are hormones secreted from the ____ into the bloodstream to act on _____ tissues. They are also _____ as circulating OXT and AVP molecules are first synthesized by the ____ neurons in the _____. They can also be _____, as ____ and _____ neurons in the hypothalamus release OXT/AVP into local and ____ brain regions to affect ____ function

A

pituitary, peripheral, neurohormones, magnocellular, hypothalamus, neurotransmitters, magnocellular, parvocellular, distal, neural

26
Q

Hormones are released into the ____, target cells that are ____mm to ____m away, and have a _____ ____ term effect of up to ____ days. They represent _____ signalling

A

bloodstream, 1, 2, delayed longer, 5, analog

27
Q

neurotransmitters are released into the ____, target receptors that are ____ nm away, and have ____, ____ term effects (ms). it is _______ signalling (all or none response)

A

synapse, 20-30, fast, shorter, digital

28
Q

both hormones and neurotransmitters are ____ ____ secreted inside the body, have ____ ___ in target cells, and affect a wide range of functions such as behaviour, ____, ____, ___ and ____

A

chemical messengers, receptor sites, digestion, reproduction, mood, metabolism

29
Q

in order to study behaviour, you must first determine what behaviours are ____ to the question being asked from the complete ____ of behaviours

A

relevant, range

30
Q

Then you must describe the behaviours, which involve both a description of the ___ and its _____

A

action, consequences

31
Q

In interpreting the functions of behaviours, you must consider the proximate _____ (the immediate causation, ____ and ____), as well as the ultimate ____ (the _____ and ____ function)

A

how, mechanisms, development, why, evolutionary, adaptive

32
Q

There are 3 interacting components that generate behaviour: the _____ ___ (input), the ____ (central processor), and the ____ (output)

A

sensory systems, CNS, effectors

33
Q

Hormones themselves do not cause behavioural changes, rather they influence the three systems so that certain ___ are more ___ to elicit certain _____ that are appropriate for the behavioural or social context

A

stimuli, likely, responses

34
Q

for example in rats, sexual signals such as ____ and _____ result in hormones inducing ______, which activates the ____ reflex

A

pheromones, odors, estrus, lordosis

35
Q

behaviours can also affect hormone ______. Male rodents with previous sexual experience show increased _______ _____. In addition, the male “_____” can induce ______ increases

A

levels, testosterone-deoendent aggresssion, intruders, androgen

36
Q

There are 3 types of evidence necessary to establish a modulatory link between hormones and behaviour. First, a behaviour that depends on a particular hormone should ___ when the source of or actions of the hormone are _____. Second, the behaviour should ____ when the hormone is re-introduced. Third, the hormone ___ and behaviour should be _____.

A

diminish, removed, reappear, levels, covariant

37
Q
A