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PSYC 460 > L4, L6 > Flashcards

L4, L6 Flashcards

1
Q

sex is based on ___ expression, ___, ___ and ___

A

gene, anatomy, physiology, hormones

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2
Q

Gender and sex differences exist in the ___, ____, __ factors, ____ and ___ response for many psychopathologies

A

prevalence, symptomology, risk, course, treatment

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3
Q

Female biased disorders include late onset _____, eating disorders such as ___ and ____, ____ and mood disorders like ____ and ____

A

SZ, anorexia, bulimia, PTSD, depression, anxiety

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4
Q

male biased disorders include ___, ____, and learning disorders like ___, as well as ___, ___ and early onset ____

A

ADHD, autism, dyslexia, stuttering, tourettes, SZ

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5
Q

There are sex differences in pain ____, as well as how people ___ pain, how a physician may understand and ___ pain depending on their own gender

A

sensitivity, report, treat

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6
Q

Gender differences exist in vulnerabilities and _____ to the impact of ____ on mental well being. In general, ___ ___ individuals report poorer mental health

A

resistances, stress, gender diverse

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7
Q

There is a false narrative that ___ ____ _____ influence facts and evidence as well as beliefs. It is misunderstood that these differences will lead to ___, ____ data.

A

ovarian hormone fluctuations, complicated, uninterpretable

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8
Q

looking at the physiology, receptors, and learning in animals found that the ___ __ ____ in males was actually greater on average than in females. Moreover, variability of behaviour, ___, ____, neurochemistry, and non brain measures found that there was non significant across ___, ___ and ___ cycles. There was no difference in variability within gender groups among different rat ___ as well

A

coefficient of variability, histology, electrophysiology, estrus, diestrus, proestrus, strains

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9
Q

Moreover, testosterone changes through the ___ and the ___ in both humans and rats. This occurs regardless of ___ ____. In rats, T increases in the ____ period and decreases in the ___ period

A

day, lifetime, food restriction, light, dark

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10
Q

Many research papers do not include ___ __ _ ___ ___, and will incorrectly determine the male brain to be the _____, and only consider females if some effect is not seen in males first

A

sex as a biological variable, default

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11
Q

when an endpoint has two distinctive forms, with one almost exclusively present in one sex vs the other

A

sex dimorphism

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12
Q

when the endpoint les along a continuum with different averages for males vs females, but much overlap

A

sex difference

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13
Q

when neural and hormonal factors act to make endpoint in males and females more similar or opposing

A

sex convergence / divergence

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14
Q

when the endpoint is the same in males vs females, but the frequency with which it occurs differs

A

population differences

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15
Q

In males, the ___ gene promotes the ___ ___ ___ that leads to testes development. The ___ gene also pushes testes development.

A

SRY, testes determining factor, Sox9

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16
Q

In females, the _____ on the ___ chromosome, will turn off the ___ gene to produce female characteristics. Moreover, turning off the TDF and sox9 does not necessarily produce fully female or male characteristics, showing that sexual differentiation in females is not ___ or the ____

A

beta-catenin, third, Sox9, passive, default

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17
Q

A series of events whereby a sexually indifferent embryo progressively acquires male or female characteristics

A

sexual differentiation

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18
Q

early embryonic life when no sex differences have developed

A

bipotential stage

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19
Q

in the bipotential stage, which is the first ___ weeks in humans, the ___ are identical and both ___ and ____ ducts are present

A

6, gonads, mullerian, wolffian

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20
Q

Sexual differentiation begins with the ___ ___ differentiating into either the ____ or ____. These drive sexual differentiation in the morphology of the ____

A

genital ridge, testes, ovaries, genitals

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21
Q

In males, the __ ____ _____ regresses the ___ duct, and presence of ____ ____ and further develops the wolffian duct. Then _____ converts testosterone to ____, which elongates the genital tubercle to become the penis

A

mullerian inhibiting hormone, mullerian, testosterone, stabilizes, 5-alpha-reductase, dihydrotestosterone

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22
Q

in females, there is no ____ hormone product by the ovaries. This causes the ____ ___ to destabilize and ____, while the mullerian duct continues to develop. ___ ___ such as ____ also suppress genes that would lead to male development and continue mullerian duct development. Then the absence of testosterone and _____ leads to the development of the clitoris from the genital tubercle

A

perinatal, wolffian duct, degenerate, transcription factors, COUP-TFIII, DHT

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23
Q

the ___ ___ is the bipotential precursor of the penis and clitoris and is homologous and _____ in XX and XY individuals in early development. It becomes recognizably different __ weeks of gestation in humans

A

genital tubercle, indistinguishable, 9

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24
Q

when testicular androgens and hormones drive the development of male-typical reproductive physiology and behaviour

A

masculinization

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25
Q

female phenotype being actively removed from the body and brain; does not necessarily lead to masculinizing behaviour

A

defeminization

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26
Q

absence of testicular androgens and hormones and active suppression of male gene expression program, which drives female typical reproductive physiology and behaviour

A

feminization

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27
Q

sex steroids are synthesized on ____, are ____, and ____ due to binding with steroid binding globulins. They directly interact with DNA at ____ sequences in a hormone-specific manner. Each family of steroid receptors binds to a specific ___ ____. The receptors can be localized in the cell membrane for ___ responses or in the cytoplasm for ___ responses

A

demand, lipophilic, long-lived, palindromic, DNA sequence, fast, slow

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28
Q

The hypothesis that gonadal hormones have differential effects on mammalian development at different life stages

A

organizational-activational hypothesis

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29
Q

According to the O-A hypothesis, the organizational period is in ______, and involves the high ___ in males and absence in females. This provides the ___ for which later hormones can exert their effects in _____ to lead to the behavioural phenotype

A

gestation, testosterone, blueprint, puberty

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30
Q

during the perinatal period in males and females, the ____ released from the hypothalamus, reaches the ___ ____ which releases LH onto receptors in the ____ (testes) or ____ (ovaries) cells. The binding of LH results in ____ and ____ activation, which results in a protein called ___ to be activated. This protein transports _____. This then converted into _____ via _____, then ____, _____, and finally _____.

A

GnRH, anterior pituitary, leydig, theca, cAMP, PKA, star, cholesterol, prenenolone, P450, progesterone, androstenedione, testosterone

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31
Q

____ and ___ can be converted into each other by ____ in the leydig/theca cells

A

androstendione, testosterone, 17beta-HSD

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32
Q

GnRH from the hypothalamus also releases _____ via the anterior pituitary, which binds to receptors on ___ (testes) / ___ (ovaries) cells, activates cAMP and PKA, which results in activation of _____. The testosterone / androstenedione made in the leydig/theca cells then can travel to these other cells and be converted to _____ or ____ respectively via the aromatase.

A

FSH, sertoli, granulosa, aromatase, estradiol, estrone

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33
Q

estrone and ___ can be converted to each other by ______ within the sertoli and granulosa cells

A

estradiol, 17beta-HSD

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34
Q

testosterone can also be converted to ___ via 5-alpha-reductase in thhe sertoli cells

A

DHT

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35
Q

all sex steroids enter ____ ___ to reach the brain

A

general circulation

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36
Q

in rodents, testosterone peaks ___ in the perinatal period, once around ___ and again at ____ (in males only). However, there are no peaks in ___ in the perinatal period. This surge in testosterone in the perinatal period drives ____ effects on the developing brain, and is relatively ____

A

twice, E18, birth, androstenedione, organizational, permanent

37
Q

Mounting behaviour in female rats is only seen if both ______ exposure to T and exposure in adulthood is given. If only T in adulthood is given, there is ___ mounting. Moreover, perinatal exposure to T and ___/___ treatment in adulthood do not produce ___ in females

A

perinatal, minimal, estrogen/progesterone, lordosis

38
Q

This perinatal exposure to T also results in very little ____ receptors in females, and more in males. In adulthood, the brain responds to circulating androgens by changing androgen ___ levels

A

androgen, receptor

39
Q

There is more aromatase in the ____, ____, ____ and ___ of males than in females in the same regions. These are the regions that are __ ___ in adulthood. Giving neonatal ____ treatment masculinized females to male-typical ___ expression. This shows that all the effects of sexual differentiation of the brain is driven by ____, not testosterone

A

BNST, VMH, mPOA, CeA, sexually dimorphic, estrogen, aromatase, estradiol

40
Q

Kisspeptin neurons are located in the ___ ___ region of the hypothalamus, and in the presence of ____ facilitate production of ____, ___ and ____. In males, there is an increase in kisspeptin neurons at ___ and in the perinatal period. The testosterone in males is converted to ____ which combined with kisspeptin, results in more GnRH, LH, and FSH, which results in more testosterone, making a __ ____. Moreover, the _____ surge in T correlates withe sexually dimorphic expression of kisspeptin

A

rostral periventricular, estradiol, GnRH, LH, FSH, birth, estradiol, positive feedback, perinatal

41
Q

In females, ovarian hormones are not produced, and they are also actively prevented from entering the ____ by _____, which binds to ____ and prevents its transport from the placenta to the fetus. In female mice lacking AFP, there is an absence of ____

A

fetus, alpha-fetoprotein, estradiol, lordosis

42
Q

For females rats, if gonads are removed during puberty, male-typical behaviour is only seen they are injected with ____ before day 10, their gonads are removed, and they are injected with testosterone in ____

A

10, testosterone, adulthood

43
Q

in male rats, male typical behaviour is only seen when the gonads are ___ in puberty, and they are injected with testosterone in _____. If the gonads are removed before day 10 (puberty), male typical behaviour can develop only if testosterone is injected in _____, and in _____

A

intact, adulthood, before puberty, adulthood

44
Q

In theory, sensitive windows of neural development should be most likely to occur during periods of rapid _____ change, such as ____,

A

developmental, adolescence

45
Q

In Schultz’ study, males GDX ___, showed less mounting than males GDX _____, even when given the same 7 days of T treatment in _____. T wasn’t able to rescue mounting even when given for ____ days. Moreover, males GDX pre-puberty and given ____ and ___ treatment in adulthood were faster in initiating lordosis than males GDX post-puberty. However, lordosis ___ was unaffected in all groups. Females GDX _____ served as a control/comparison group

A

Pre-puberty, post-puberty, adulthood, 17, estradiol, progesterone, duration, post-puberty

46
Q

Another study showed that if male animals were castrated before puberty and given T _____ to puberty or _____, it would rescue mounting behaviour. However, there was no rescuing effect if the exposure was ____. There was also a greater effect when ____, suggesting that T ___ decreases in adolescence.

A

prior, on-time, late, early, sensitivity

47
Q

The medial preoptic area in the hypothalamus, the ____ is larger in males, while the ____ is larger in females.

A

SDN, AVPV

48
Q

The BNST is ___ and sends more ___ to the AVPV in males. the ___ ____ is also sexually dimorphic

A

larger, projections, medial amygdala

49
Q

In juvenile animals that were castrated before puberty and given no T treatment, they had decreased ____, _____, ____, ____, and ___ volume, and increased ____ volume in comparison to a normally developed adult animal castrated ___ puberty and given T treatment throughout adulthood. Giving pre-pubertal T treatment to the juvenile rats increased the size of the _____, ___, ___ and ___, but did not affect the ___ or ___ volume

A

SDN, BNST, VMH, MePD, MePV, MeAD, after, SDN, BNST, MePD, MePV, VMH, MeAD

50
Q

It was shown through many experiments that early life testosterone can _____ male typical behaviour in ___ animals, and produce ____ changes that may underlie those behaviours

A

rescue, castrated, morphological

51
Q

In typically developed mice, females have more _____ _____ expressing neurons in the ____, ___, ___ and ___ ___ of the hypothalamus. Males have more of those neurons in the ___ ___ and the ___. This is why progesterone given to typically developed females will produce ____, but will not to the same extent in males. Moreover, females exhibit denser projections of these neurons in the ___ to the ____ than males.

A

progesterone receptor, AVPV, POA, VMH, arcuate nuclei, posterior VNST, MePD, lordosis, VMH, AVPV

52
Q

females lacking the progesterone receptor expressing neurons in the _____ exhibited fewer female typical ___ ____ and greater male typical sexual behaviour than controls. They spent more time ___ males, had lower ____, lower ___ and ___ of lordosis, and more ___. Thus, changes due to gonadal hormones in adolescence may ___ progesterone receptor expressing neurons to be activated in different ways in adulthood by ___ and ____

A

VMH, sexual behaviours, rejecting, receptivity, duration, frequency, mounting, prime, testosterone, progesterone

53
Q

In primates, testosterone treatment was successful in rescuing ____ behaviour in males only if castration occurred ___. This effect was not seen if they were castrated ____.

A

tongue-flicking, pre-pubertally, neonatally

54
Q

In tree shrews, males exhibit more marking behaviour than females in the ___ of any conspecific scent. In the presence of a ___ scent, there is low marking in both sexes. In the presence of a male scent, ___ exhibit more marking behaviour. Their puberty onset is also at ___ weeks of age

A

absence, female, females, 5

55
Q

If male tree shrews are GDX in _____, they show an increase in marking events in response to a ___ scent, just like regular females. This effect is not seen if they are treated with T in _____. the controls were a male GDX in ___, and a ___. Moreover, this effect is not seen for ____ marking. This group also shows ____ to the male scent just like the females, while the effect disappears again if treated with testosterone in puberty.

A

juvenility, male, puberty, adulthood, female, territorial, habituation

56
Q

In rats, the emergence of male ____ is not perfectly correlated to increases in T in ____

A

aggression, puberty

57
Q

In mice, the increasing days of T treatment required to exhibit aggresion from lowest to greatest is: only ____ absence of T, only _____ absence of T, and absence of T in both ____ and ____. This was in female and male animals GDX at ____. However, it showed that ____ T in both females and males can induce aggressive behaviour regardless of ____ treatment

A

prenatal, neonatal, prenatal, neonatal, birth , adult, prenatal

58
Q

If female animals are castrated in ____and given ____ mg of T, they exhibit high aggression similar to males. However, this effect is not seen for females initially only given ___ mg of T. Moreover, the first group maintained this effect even when switched to a 0.3mg T ____

A

adulthood, 10, 0.3, transplant

59
Q

In typically developed adult rats, ___ exhibit more anxiety behaviour than _____. If ____ T is given to females, they exhibit more anxiety on the elevated plus maze and ___ ___ ___, suggesting the prenatal _____ seem to exert organization effects on sex-typical anxiety behaviours

A

males, females, prenatal, open field test, androgens

60
Q

drugs that inhibit conversion of testosterone to estradiol

A

aromatase inhibitors

61
Q

1,4,6-androstatriene-3,17-dione

A

aromatase inhibitors

62
Q

drugs that modulate actions of estrogens or androgens at their receptors, either enhancing or inhibitng their biological effects depending on the tissue

A

selective estorgen/androgen receptor modulators (SERM) / (SARM)

63
Q

tamoxifen

A

inhibitory SERM

64
Q

flutamide

A

inhibitory SARM

65
Q

drugs that bind to estrogen or androgen receptors and degrade them

A

selective estrogen / androgen receptor degraders (SERD) / (SARD)

66
Q

fulvestrant

A

SERD

67
Q

dimethylcurcumin

A

SARD

68
Q

You can also use treatments with an androgen that doesn’t convert to estradiol like ___, or ____ animals that have mutations in their genes that ___ androgen or estrogen receptors (ex. ___)

A

DHT, transgenic, transcribe, tfm

69
Q

Transgenic male animals with dysfunctional ___ receptors do not show any change in ____ from their WT counterparts, showing it is not this receptor that is driving sex differences in anxiety

A

androgen, anxiety

70
Q

When androgen receptors are blocked in ____ mice, they still show male typical anxiety, suggesting that ____ is driving this effects. Moreover, _____ ____ also had no effect on anxiety

A

male, estrogen, pre-puberty castration

71
Q

in females, prepubertal _____ or neonatal blocking of ____ receptors was sufficient in driving male typical phenotype for anxiety, suggesting that ____ matters in females in producing lower anxiety, and that neonatal exposure to _____ may drive the effect despite being minimal

A

GDX, estrogen, puberty, estradiol

72
Q

In males, GDX in either ___ or _____ produced a female typical pattern of anxiety, while GDX in adulthood produced ___ ___

A

juvenility, mid-adolescence, no effect

73
Q

Another study found that giving males ___ ___ or ___ ____ in adulthood after GDX in early adolescence did not produce a change in anxiety

A

acute estradiol, acute T

74
Q

____, ___ and progesterone metabolites can bind directly to ___ receptors to alter GABA signalling. GABA releasing ___ also express ____ receptors, upon which estradiol can exert modulatory effects. Thus, ___ and ____ estradiol effects on anxiety like behaviours may be driven by GABA-ergic modulation

A

estrogens, progesterone, metabolites, GABA-A, interneurons, estrogen, perinatal, pubertal

75
Q

A male typical behaviour is novelty induced ___ ____. If males are GDX in ___, they do not show this anxiety, while if they are treated with ___ in adolescence, they show it again. Males GDX in adulthood show social anxiety, suggesting ____ ___ is not responsible for social anxiety behaviours

A

social anxiety, juvenility, T, adult T

76
Q

___ which enhances the function the GABA-A receptor, abolishes male typical ___ ____. However, if the animals are castrated in juvenility, they ___ social anxiety, even if given ____. If these rats are given T in ____ the social anxiety is again abolished. This suggests that ___ in prenatal or puberty period can act on _____ receptors to alter the system

A

diazepam, social anxiety, show, DZ, puberty, estradiols, GABA

77
Q

glycoprotein that binds to androgens and estrogen, allowing them to circulate in the bloodstream and simultaneously limit their entry into cells

A

sex hormone binding globulin

78
Q

in humans, men have more circulating ___ than women, while there are no differences in ___ concentrations. Women have more ___ than men, suggesting they limit ___ ___ from entering cells more than men.

A

T, androstenedione, SHBG, sex steroids

79
Q

High T in men was associated with ____ ___, while in women, androgens and SHBG were ___ to anxiety disorders

A

anxiety disorders, unrelated

80
Q

People with klinefelter’s syndrome are _____ chromosome males, with smaller ____, and lower production of ___. These people show ___ anxiety disorder prevalence

A

XXY, testicles, T, higher

81
Q

Women with PCOS have ovaries that produce high levels of ____. They show ___ prevalance of anxiety disorders

A

androgens, higher

82
Q

Men with _____ ____ ___, have a GnRH deficiency, leading to low T production. They show lowered anxiety if given ___ treatment.

A

congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, T

83
Q

in females, ___ androgens seem to increase anxiety, while in males, low ___ seems to increase anxiety. it is possible that hormonal impact is ___ shaped,

A

high, testosterone, U

84
Q

prenatal estrogen and androgens may drive sex differences observed in adult hippocampus ____ and ____ ___. Normally, the ___ and ___ of the hippocampus is bigger in males than in females. Prenatal _____ or ____ makes the CA1 bigger in females, while only prenatal ____ make the CA3 bigger in females

A

morphology, spatial memory, CA1, CA3, androgens, estradiol, estradiol

85
Q

When animals are tested in the morris water maze, females given prenatal _____ and ___ are faster than controls, while males with blocked ___ ___ in the prenatal period show slower escape latency. This suggests that androgens drive sex differences in spatial memory but only in the ____ ____.

A

testosterone, DHT, androgen receptors, prenatal period

86
Q

In humans doing a ___ morris water maze task, females with __ __ ___, a genetic disorder that causes in utero excess androgen production, show ___ escape than female controls, similar to that of ____ ____ or males with CAH. This effect was greatest for females with the most ___ form of the disorder and thus ___ level of in utero exposure to androgens. This suggests that in utero exposure to androgens have ____ effects on cognitive function

A

virtual, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, faster, healthy males, severe, highest, long-lasting

87
Q

The two stage O-A model proposes that there is prenatal period of ___ __ ______, then a steroid-dependent ___ ___ during puberty and adolescence. This second peak is acting on the previous ______ in the perinatal period. These _____ structural changes determines the ___ ____ responses to hormones and ______ stimuli

A

steroid-dependent sexual differentiation, neural organization, organization, long-lasting, adult behaviour, socially-relevant

88
Q

Because ____ to organizing actions of T ____ with time, differences in the ____ of pubertal onset may result in differences in ___ ___ and adult behaviour

A

sensitivity, decreases, timing, brain development

89
Q
A

PSYC 460 (18 decks)

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