L2 Flashcards
when hormones act on processes inside the cell
intracrine mediation
when autocrine substances feed back to influence the same cells that secreted them
autocrine mediation
when paracrine cells secrete chemicals that affect adjacent cells
paracrine mediation
when endocrine cells secrete chemicals into the bloodstream where they may travel to distant target cells
endocrine mediation
when ectocrine substances, such as pheromones are released into the environment by individuals to communicate with others
ectocrine mediation
endocrine glands are ____ and have a rich ____ supply (ie. relies on the _____ system)
ductless, blood, circulatory
endocrine glands produce hormones that are secreted into the bloodstream, which travel to _____ cell in the body
every
hormone receptors are ____ ____ cells for hormones and are located either ___ the cell or embedded in the ____ ____
specific binding, inside, cell membrane
amino acid derived hormones are made from ___ and ____, and contain a “-____” suffix. They are water ____, and stored in protein ____ inside ____ __ (vesicles). They are released from endocrine cells via ______ in response to some stimulus (_____ secretion). Amino acid derived hormones include ___ hormones, ____, and ____ derivatives
tyrosine, tryptophan, ine, soluble, matrices, secretory granules, exocytosis, regulatory, thyroid, catecholamines, tryptophan
Because amino acid derived hormones are ____ insoluble, they need a vesicle in order to pass through the lipid bilayer. The vesicle fuses with the ______ ___ and creates an opening, allowing the hormones to diffuse into the ____ _____. From there, the hormones enter the _____.
lipid, cell membrane, extracellular space, bloodstream
Thyroid hormones such as _____ act on receptors ____ the cell membrane
thyroxine, inside
Catecholamines such as ____, ____ and _____ are released from the ___ ___ and bind to receptors ____ the cell membrane
epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, adrenal medulla, on
Tryptophan derivatives such as ____, bind to receptors ___ the cell membrane and are released by the ____ gland
melatonin, on, pineal
Protein and peptide hormones are chains of 20 _____ ____. They are synthesized as _____, or inactive molecules that are converted to active hormones either before or after they’re _____. They are _____ soluble, stored in ___ and released via ____. They bind to receptors ___ the membrane, and are much ___ than amino acid or lipid derived hormones. Larger protein hormones have ______ half-lives than shorter peptide hromones
amino acids, prohormones, secreted, water, vesicles, exocytosis, on, bigger, longer
Preprohormones have a _____ peptide that brings the molecule to the ___ _____. The chain is ____ into an inactive fragment and active prohormone. Sometimes, it is broken into several different ___ of hormones (e.g. POMC), and sometimes it is broken into many copies of the ___ hormone
signal, endoplasmic reticulum, cleaved, types, same
examples of peptide hormones
oxytocin, vasopressin, rfamide, kisspeptin, GnIH
examples of protein hormones
growth hormone, prolactin, insulin, glucagon, ghrelin, leptin, most hormones of pituitary gland
examples of glycoproteins
thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone
hormones that are Polypeptide chains with an added carbohydrate chain
glycoproteins
Lipid derived hormones are made of ___ rings and side chains that are either built from ___ ____ or _____. They are usually ___ or _____, and are separated into ___ ___ and ______. They are ____ in water, and can readily pass through the cell membrane. They bind to ____/_____ receptors, and require carrier proteins for transport in _____. Due to this, they have longer ____ than amino-acid derivatives and peptide protein hormones. They signal to trigger both hormone _____ and _____.
carbon, fatty acids, cholesterol, ketones, alcohols, sex steroids, corticosteroids, insoluble, cytosolic/intracellular, blood, half-lives, release, production
