L8 Flashcards
The two most common prosocial behaviours in mammals are ___ ___ in mating, and _____ ____ interactions
sexual interaction, mother-infant
any behaviour that directly contributes to the survival and optimal mental and physical development of fertilized eggs or offspring that have left the mother’s body
parental behaviours
species-specific and stereotypic examples of parental care include ___, ___ building, ___, ___/___, ___ and ___ of young. In many neonates, parental behaviours are the first __ ____
grooming, nest, feeding/nursing, carrying defence, social experience
mammalian ___ ____present characteristics that are unique to other social behaviours. Most social behaviours are displayed in ___ __, such as mating, aggression, and play, but parental care typically encompasses a long, ____ interaction between parents and offspring that can last days, months or years. Parental behaviours also involve either 1, 2 , or a multitude of ____ _____, are _____ and thought to emerge from a ____ neural circuitry that is highly ____ ___
parental behaviours, short bouts, prolonged, cooperating adults, non-reciprocal, core, evolutionarily conserved
when a pair of two sexes engage in preferential mating with one another and remain together, often both contributing to raising the offspring (biparental) - only 5% in mammalian species
monogamous mating system
when two sexes are attracted during mating, and once it is complete, they leave each other and the pregnant female gives birth and cares for her offspring by herself (uniparental)
polygamous mating system
Pair bonding is ____ and male infant directed behaviours vary, but ____ interaction is common to all mammals.
rare, mother-infant
Neural circuitry and ___ that underlie long-term mother=infant bonding provides a _____ ___ ___ upon which other types of strong social bonds (such as ___ __) have been built.
mechanisms, primordial neural scaffold, pair bonding
First is _____ in which an infant stimulus targets neural mechanisms that promote ____ and maternal care rather than than those that drive ___ and avoidance of infant stimuli (stimuli carry ___ ___)
recognition, attraction, rejection, positive valence
______ natural selection pressures have altered how dependent the core neural circuitry is on ____ and ___ to facilitate maternal behaviour
species-specific, hormones, experience
Maternal behaviours are also ____, as they depend on _____ _____ mechanisms that drive development of an enduring, long-lasting mother infant attraction
persistent, experience-dependent, neuroplasticity
The recognition process can be either ___ or ____, mediated by developmental maturity of the offspring. _____ animals that are born/hatched at an early stage of development are ___ and require substantial parental care to survive. This results in a _____ recognition process in which maternal care is directed toward a ____ infant stimulus rather than to particular infants. Mothers will commonly care for any ______ infant through the ____ period. Meanwhile, _____ animals are born/hatched at a more advanced stage of development and thus require little or no ____ ____ for survival, and typically leave the ___ shortly after birth. Thus, the recognition process is ____ and other conspecific offspring are _____
specific, nonspecific altricial, helpless, nonspecific, generic, conspecific, postpartum, precocial, parental intervention, nest, nonspecific, rejected
In monogamous animals, the mother-infant bonding is similar to _____ ____. Research on maternal-infant interactions can provide ___ on how selective and _____ attractions develops between _____ ____. In ___ animals, the neural mechanisms of ____ ___ are important, while in altricial animals, neural mechanisms of developing an enduring ___ are important
pair bonding, hypotheses, mating pairs, precocial, selective recognition, bond
Rodent maternal care consists for 4 stereotyped behaviours: _____ (passive with relaxed back or active with ___ back), _____ ____ and grooming, ___ building and ___ retrieval. Maternal motivation can be quantified as ___ to retrieve pups, amount of ___ ___ a dam will perform to gain access to pups, and the ___ of pup stimuli relative to other stimuli.
nursing, arched, anogenital licking, nest, pup, latency, physical effort, preference
postpartum dams will face _____ environments to retrieve pups, such as faster latency on the ___ ____ ____, or retrieval from a ___
threatening, elevated plus maze, box
In many species, virgin females and males ___ infants, and virgin rodents will commonly also ___ pups. In contrast, ___ dams exhibit maternal behaviour, regardless of whether the pups are her ____.
avoid, attack, postpartum, offspring
A study showed that when animals could press a lever on a ___ ___ schedule to gain access to a pup and retrieve it to bring it back to the ___, ____ dams pressed the lever more for access to pups than ___ ___ and more than _____ virgins.
continuous reinforcement, nest, postpartum, virgin females, ovarectomized
Maternal behaviour seems to be induced during ____, when there is shift in ___ of infant stimuli from aversive to positive. Neural systems that drive avoidance and infant directed _____ become inhibited in favour of systems that promote ____ and interaction. In females that have never given birth, their latency to a maternal response increases at age ___, then remains high. In females that give birth, their latency drops right at ____, and increases slightly again after ____ ends
parturition, valence, aggression, approach, 25, birth, lactation
In rats, the basic level of maternal responsiveness is present in both sexes which is _____ of hormonal action. When nulliparious ____, ___ and _____ females were continually exposed to young ___ ___, all three groups began to show maternal behaviour after ____ days, irrespective of hormonal status. ___ and ___ males also developed maternal behaviour.
independent, intact, ovariectomized, hypophysectomized, foster pups, 5-6, intact, castrated
