Journal Club L5 Flashcards
There is strong evidence of ____ _____ brains in animals. For example, the _____ volume is greater in females, there are more _____, _____ and ___ neurons in the area in females. The ____ contains more dendritic spines in males. the ______, ____ and _____ volume is greater in males.
sexually dimorphic, AVPV, kisspeptin, dopamine, glutamate/GABA, POA, SDN-POA, CALB-SDN, BNSTp
There is ___ evidence for notable, consistent sex differences in the human brain. The research is limited to use of ____ scans, which informs us of brain ____ and not _____.
little, MRI, structure, function
While the critical window of sexual differentiation involves two peaks, it seems like ___ surge ____ or ____ is sufficient to drive masculinization / defeminization.
one, neonatally, prenatally
Williams et al observed that there is a general consensus that males outperform females on tasks that require ____ skills. However, these differences might be due to other factors like females being more ____, or being less motivated and ___ ___ for the food reward used, or that they use different _____ that are not captured in behavioural assays
spatial, explorative, goal oriented, strategies
The researchers wanted to know whether males and females use different ____ or ___ ___ to solve memory tasks, and if these sex differences exist, if they originate from ____ exposure to ____
strategies, memory systems, perinatal, estradiol
The researchers used a _____ _____ design. N=8 rats were GDX at ____ and given a ____ operation at P45. N=11 male rats were given a ___ operation at birth and then gonadectomized at P45. N=9 female rats were given ___ug of EB in oil at birth and then gonadectomized at P45. N=12 female rats were given ____ injections from birth then gonadectomized at P45. Behaviour was measured at ____. The last group of females was used as a ____ for normative female development until adulthood. The N=11 male rats were a control for normative male development until ___.
between subjects, birth, sham, sham, 10, oil, 70, control, adulthood
A radial arm maze was used, and __ out of 12 arms were consistently baited. Entry into the ____ arms was considered an error. for an animal to retrieve all the food rewards, they must have had ____ ____, a memory of where the rewards were based on extramaze cues, and ___ ____ a memory of which arms have already been visited
8, unbaited, reference memory, working memory
the rats could use two strategies to guide their behaviour: the use of ____ cues to guide behaviour, or the use of ____ spatial cues to guide behaviour
extramaze, intramaze
In experiment 1, the castrated male rats and ___ injected females made more ___ __ and __ ___ errors, and had less working memory ____ than male controls and female rats given ___. The second group also had a greater ___ ____, however this was not the cause of the differences in the spatial task
oil, working memory, reference memory, capacity, EB, turning bias
In the second experiment, the _____ of the maze was either altered or unaltered and the landmarks were either ____, ____, or ____.
geometry, unaltered, randomized, removed
the results of the second experiment showed that when geometry was not altered, _____ males and female controls made less errors if the landmarks were _____ or ___ but made more errors when the landmarks were ____. For male controls and EB treated females, their errors were consistently ___ no matter what how the landmarks were placed. If the geometry was altered, oil females and control males only made errors if the landmarks were ____ or _____. The EB and control males made ____ no matter what the landmarks were.
castrated, unaltered, removed, randomized, low, randomized, removed, errors
It was also found in exp 1 that none of the groups use ___ or ___ cues more than the other through a ____ test
intramaze, extramaze, rotation
In experiment 3, a ___ min delay was used to see if male type brains have better ___ ___ than female type brains. It was found that rats with female type brains perform ___ than rats with male type brains
15, memory capacity, better
The results of experiment 1 suggest that exposure to ___ ____ neonatally facilitated ___ and ____ ____. Exp. 2 showed that rats with neonatal hormones solve spatial problems by selecting a ___ aspect of the environment, while rats with no neonatal hormones use __ or more features from different dimensions. It could be that the greater number of features used results in a greater time required to learn the appropriate ____. Exp.3 showed that delays may interrupt a previous ___ ____ ____
gonadal hormones, working, reference memory, single, 2, associations, well-established response strategy
