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PSYC 460 > L10/11 > Flashcards

L10/11 Flashcards

1
Q

State of disharmony or of threatened homeostasis

A

stress

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2
Q

Stressors can be ___, ____ or _____. They can be a ___ threat, or a ____ threat to homeostasis.

A

physiological, environmental, psychological, real, perceived

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3
Q

When under stress, ____ ___ becomes prioritized towards returning the body to homeostatic ___. Systems non-essential to ____ ___ are inhibited, which depends on the stressor. Some example systems are those for ____, _____, ___ function, and ____ cognition. if homeostatic disturbances require more energy than is readily available, survival becomes ____

A

energy use, steady-state, immediate survival, growth, reproduction, immune, higher-order, compromised

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4
Q

Systems involved in mediating stressors are _____, _____ / _____ neurotransmitters, _____ and _____ hormones. These operate as a ____, interactive network that can either ____ or _____ one another. The activity of these endocrine, nervous, and immune systems are influenced by an individual’s ____ and ____ makeup, developmental _____, social factors, and ____ state.

A

glucocorticoids, sympathetic, parasympathetic, cytokines, metabolic, nonlinear, up-regulate, down-regulate, psychological genetic, history, behavioural

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5
Q

a suite of physiological and behavioural responses that help to re-establish homeostasis

A

stress response

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6
Q

the core stress response is relatively ______ (ie. many stressors elicit the same stress response). However, the ___ and ___ of the stress response and it’s ____ effects can vary.

A

nonspecific, pattern, magnitude, long-term

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7
Q

the stress response is modulated by multiple mediators such as ____, DA, 5-HT, ____, ______, orexin, ____, corticosteroids, neurosteroids, and _____.

A

NE, CRH, vasopressin, dynorphin, urocortins

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8
Q

The components that govern the stress response are influenced by the ___, ___ and ___ of the stressor, as well as the ___, ___, _____ background, and ___ of the individual

A

duration, type, context, age, sex, genetic, gender

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9
Q

the _________ system involves ____ from the adrenal medulla. This system is ____, _____, short-term, involves a ____ response, and is _____. It results in increased gluconeogenesis, _____, _____, heart rate, and decreased ___ and ____ secretions

A

sympathetic-adrenal-medullary, epinephrine, immediate, fast-acting, fight-or-flight, nonspecific, glycogenolysis, vasoconstriction, digestion, gastrointestinal

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10
Q

The ____ axis involves ____ released from the adrenal cortex, is ____, ____ and is designed to ___ with the stressor. Activation results in decreased ____, ___, ___ and ____, and increased HPA _____ _____, and ____

A

HPA, glucocorticoids, slow acting, long-term, cope, digestion, immunity, growth, reproduction, negative feedback, neuroplasticity

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11
Q

The locus coeruleus is a ____ ____ nucleus that is the primary source of ___ in the brain. This NT can be released into the cortex as well, where it may exhibit higher order _____, as well as the ____

A

small brainstem, norepinephrine, cognition, periphery

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12
Q

The LC and the ___ ____ activate the _____ _____ in the spinal cord.

A

lateral hypothalamus, preganglionic fibers

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13
Q

The nerve pathway involves the _____ outputs from the preganglionic fibers to the ____ receptors on the peripheral nerves in the ____ ____, which release _____ from their postganglionic fibers onto the target organs such as ___ ___, cardiac muscle, and glands.

A

acetylcholine, N2, proximal ganglia, norepinephrine, smooth muscle

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14
Q

The hormone pathway involves the release of ___ from the preganglionic fibers to the ____ ____ chromaffin cells, which in turn release ______ / _____ into the blood, to reach ___ and ___ receptors on target organs

A

acetylcholine, adrenal medulla, norepinephrine, epinephrine, beta, alpha

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15
Q

to summarize the hormone and nerve pathways, acetylcholine makes the adrenal medulla release ____ into the bloodstream, while ___ ___ release synaptic norepinephrine

A

epinephrine, postganglionic fibers

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16
Q

Catecholamines like ___ and ____ are involved in fight, flight and freeze response

A

adrenaline, noradrenaline

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17
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are involved in the immediate, ____ response. Release results in increased __ ___, ___ __, breathing rate, ____ ___, and metabolic rate. It also leads to changes in blood flow patterns which promote increased ___ and decreased _____ system activity

A

short term, heart rate, blood pressure, blood glucose, alertness, digestive

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18
Q

It was found in a study that there was a steady increase of ____ leading up to a phD defence, a transient peak on the day of, and a return to baseline __ days after

A

epinephrine, 4

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19
Q

The ___ neurons of the hypothalamus release ____ and _____, which triggers transcription of the ___ gene in the anterior pituitary. ____ ____ cleaves the gene into _______, which travels to the adrenal cortex to produce _____ and _____.

A

PVN, CRH, AVP, POMC, prohormone convertase, ACTH, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids

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20
Q

____ takes logner to peak in blood than ACTH after a stressor

A

cortisol

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21
Q

Glucocorticoids include ___ and ____. Rodents do not have cortisol

A

cortisol, corticosterone

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22
Q

___ is an example of a mineralocorticoid

A

aldosterone

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23
Q

When ACTH binds to the ______ receptor, adenylyl cyclase, cAMP, and protein kinase A all ______. This increases ____ uptake, the number of ____ _____ _____ receptors such as scavenger receptor B1, production of _____ lipase, and ______. It also stimulates transcription of the cholesterol side chain ____ _____, and upregulates ________ enzyme, which shifts steroidogenesis pathway towards glucocorticoid production

A

melanocortin 2, increase, cholesterol, membrane high-density lipoprotein, hormone-sensitive, star, cleavage enzyme, 3beta-HSD

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24
Q

catalyzes conversion of cholesterol ester to cholesterol

A

hormone-sensitive lipase

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25
Q

transports cholesterol to mitochondria

A

star

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26
Q

the mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors are widely distributed in the ____ and ___. They can be ____ or ______, the latter taking longer due to gene transcription. ____ have higher affinity for glucocorticoids than _____.

A

CNS, periphery, membrane-bound, cytosolic, MRs, GRs

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27
Q

Activation of cytosolic MRs results in slow _____ regulation of multiple genes, nearly _____ at resting and ____ corticosterone levels. There is increased activity in the ___ and less activity in the evening. This receptors maintains ____, setting the threshold for the stress response to prevent ____ and sustain ____

A

transcriptional, continuously, basal, morning, viability, maladaptivity, homeostasis

28
Q

Activation of MR membrane receptors results when stress occurs and ____ bind to the MRs. There is a rapid, nongenomic increase in ______ release probability that happens in ____. Action of this receptor occurs shortly after the stressor as long as corticosterone is ____, and results in enhanced brain activity in certain limbic areas like the ____.

A

glucocorticoids, glutamate, minutes, corticosterone, amygdala

29
Q

Once glucocorticoids are finished binding to the MRs and have ____ them, they bind to their own cytosolic GRs. This results in slow transcriptional regulation, and occurs in ____ after the stressor, when corticosterone is ____ again. This results in the ____ of brain activity, preservation of ___ information, and storage for future use

A

saturated, hours, low, normalization, encoded

30
Q

Glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids on a whole promote a ______, ___ ____ response

A

slower, longer lasting

31
Q

Mineralocorticoids are involved in ___ and ___ retention, as well as increased blood ___ and ____

A

sodium, water, volume, pressure

32
Q

Glucocorticoids are involved in converting ___ and ____ to glucose, or breaking it down for energy, increasing ____ _____, suppressing the ____ system, and changing ___

A

fats, proteins, blood glucose, immune, appetite

33
Q

Mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids inhibit _____, ____, and ___ production as negative feedback

A

POMC, PC1/3, ACTH

34
Q

Glucocorticoids are transported in the blood bound to ____ proteins such as ____ ___ __ and _____. these prevent their ___ as well. CBGs are synthesized and secreted from the ____, and their concentrations are regulated by ____. From ELISA and RIA, it was found that 80-90% of glucocorticoids were bound to CBG, ____% were bound to albumin, and _____% were free

A

transport, corticosteroid binding globulin, albumin, degradation, liver, estrogens, 10-15, 3-5

35
Q

In the SAM model, the first stage, _____ consists a brief period of low stress resistance, then a ____. The ____ is activated, and a conditioned reaction to the stressors results in a ___, ___ or ____ response. There is increased heart rate, blood pressure, and ___ ___, a loss of ____, racing thoughts, and fear and ____

A

alarm, rise, amygdala, fight, flight, freeze, muscle tension, focus, anxiety

36
Q

The second stage of the SAM model is _____, and involves the _____ axis response, increased ___ ____, by physical and mental ______, and a seeking of _____ by the body. This results in poor ___, low ___, unstable ___, mental ___ and high emotional ____.

A

resistance, HPA, stress resistance, coping, homeostasis, sleep, immunity, mood, fatigue, reactivity

37
Q

The last stage of the SAM model is ____, in which there is a ___ in stress resistance, when demands are overwhelmed the adaptive resources are fully _____. The body is in exhaustion, resulting in ____ ___, poor health, mental and ___ decline, feeling ___, and ____, as well as mood disorders

A

exhaustion, decrease, depleted, chronic fatigue, cognitive, numb, detached

38
Q

Our body’s stress response is usually ____ and helps us adapt to changes in our environment. However, eventually, our bodies ___ ___.

A

beneficial, burn out

39
Q

acute stressors that lead to healthy, moderate stress responses that are beneficial

A

eustress

40
Q

chronic stressors that lead to an extended access stress response that becomes pathological

A

distress

41
Q

An acute stressor lasts from ____ to ____. If it is a moderate stressor, there is _____, whereas if it is an intense stressor, there is _____. If there is a ____ stressor, there is damage.

A

minutes, hours, enhancement, suppression, traumatic

42
Q

A chronic stressor that lasts for days to months can result in _____ ____, and loss of ____

A

adaptive plasticity, resilience

43
Q

A chronic stressor that lasts for months to years can result in a decline of resilience with ___, and a vulnerability to ___ ___

A

age, permanent damage

44
Q

The response to acute vs chronic stress is the same, but the ____ key. For example, acute stress results in increased _____ tone, while a pathological stressor results in ____. An acute stress may also result in enhanced _____, but accelerated ___ _____ during aging.

A

duration, cardiovascular, hypertension, cognitition, neural degeneration

45
Q

There is a ____ relationship between psychological stress and depression. ______% of patients with MDD experience disturbances of the HPA system. Many patients have ______, heightened cort levels even at baseline due to disturbances of a negative feedback loop, and flattened ___ _____, resulting in a smaller ___ of CORT fluctuations throughout the day

A

bidirectional, 40-60, hypercortisolemia, circadian rhythm, range

46
Q

Patients with MDD also show significant _____ atrophy, the severity of which correlates with the _____ of depression, not age. This is linked to poorer ______ memory and performance on tasks of _____ _____ such as the ___ ___ ___ test

A

hippocampal, duration, hippocampal-dependent, cognitive flexibility, wisconsin card sort

47
Q

In depression, impaired _____ signalling leads to an attenuation of the ___ ____ ___, resulting in __ and ___ overactivity in the hypothalamus and increased ____ release from the anterior pituitary gland. This comes from a downregulation of the ____ and ____ receptors in the hypothalamus and pituitary where CORT normally binds to, resulting in less effective reduction of CORT release.

A

corticosteroid, negative feedback loop, AVP, CRH, ACTH, mineralocorticoid, glucocorticoid,

48
Q

Normally giving a synthetic cortisol such as ___ will act on the negative feedback loop to minimize _____ CORT release. this is _____ in those with MDD.

A

DEX, endogenous, blunted

49
Q

The glucocorticoids released from the HPA axis can also bind to receptors on the _____, which both inhibits and excites the PVN, the amygdala, which ___ the PVN, produces ____, and enhances CORT release, and the hippocampus, which ___ the PVN by furthering the negative feedback loop via glucocorticoids. The hippocampus and amygdla are rich in ___ and ___

A

PFC, excites, CRH, inhibits, MRs, GRs

50
Q

Normally the hippocampus inhibits the ___, ___ and ____. In response to a stressor, the LC releases ____ into both circulation and the hippocampus. The NE ____ hippocampal projections to these three regions, resulting in increased activity of these regions. ___ and NE from the LC also enhances the activity of the _____, which excites the _____, leading to more CORT release

A

PVN, amygdala, LC, norepinephrine, inhibits, CORT, amygdala, PVN

51
Q

The ___ and ___ of cortisol as well as the receptor ___, __ and _____, all contribute to the stress response

A

timing, concentration, type, density, distribution

52
Q

Electrophysiology with ____ __ ___ ____, involves a whole brain tissue that is sectioned and placed in a ____ that keeps the cell alive. Using a glass ____, an individual cell ___ is poked to obtain the cytoplasmic solution, from the which the voltage can be measured

A

whole-cell patch clamp voltage, fluid, pipette, membrane

53
Q

When hippocampal frequency is measured right after CORT treatment, neurons are ______. A 1-4 hour delay brings this back to ____. The same results are seen with the amygdala, however, the neurons are still more excitable after a ____. If there are 2 CORT exposures, both lead to _____ increases in excitability in the hippocampus, whereas only the ___ treatment has an effect in the amygdala.

A

hyperexcitable, baseline, delay, transient, first

54
Q

This increased excitability in the amygdala and hippocampus are driven by cort acting on ____. In any brain region, these are activated ____, _____ MRs activate the ___ pathway, resulting in increased probability of release of glutamate vesicles. Post-synaptic MRs diffuse ______ receptors to the postsynaptic density and inhibit ___ channels. The net effect is an increase in excitability

A

MRs, first, presynaptic, ERK, AMPA, K+

55
Q

Decreased excitability is driven by corticosterone acting on ______, when all MRs are saturated but there is still corticosterone present. Postsynaptic GRs activate the ____ pathway and triggers the release of _____ ___ and ____. These will travel back to ______ _____ receptors, and inhibit the release of ___ vesicles, resulting in a decrease in excitability.

A

GRs, cAMP, endocannibinoids 2-AG, AEA, presynaptic endocannabinoid, glutamate

56
Q

The ____ of MRs and GRs decide whether there is an increase or decrease in excitability

A

distribution

57
Q

When rats must suppress the innate behavior to go to a dark space associated with a foot shock

A

passive avoidance task

58
Q

in the passive avoidance task, the time to return to the dark chamber

A

retention latency

59
Q

In the passive avoidance task, giving ___ to rats made them show ___ passive avoidance. ___ lesions abolished passive learning, while ____ lesions did not have an effect. Thus, DEX must act within the BLA to ____ learning. Infusion of a ____ __ _____ into the BLA but not the CeA resulted in improved learning

A

DEX, stronger, BLA, CeA, enhance, glucocorticoid receptor agonist

60
Q

The HPA axis development begins in the ____ state and continues to develop across the lifespan. In the neonatal stage, there is a _____ stress response, with ___ circulating CORT and ACTH, and an inability to elicit the stress response. Severe _____ might trigger faster ____ of the HPA axis to elicit a stress response. Pups that were deprived of their ____ had a stress response during the restraint stress test.

A

embryonic, hyporesponsive, low, trauma, maturation, mothers

61
Q

In adolescence, there is a ______ stress response, with a higher ____ peak, and a ____ return to baseline. There is also attenuated stress _____. In pre-pubertal animals ____ increases in response to stress and takes longer to return to baseline than adult animals. Moreover, while a ____ stressor results in attenuated stress response in adults, this is not seen in adolescents

A

hyperresponsive, CORT, protracted, adaptation, CORT, homotypic

62
Q

In adulthood there is both an ____ stress response and _____.

A

efficient, adaptation

63
Q

Estradiol has ____ effects on HPA function. The estrogen responsive element binding on the CRH gene ____ CRH production. During _____ (when estradiol is at it’s peak) there is a peak in ___ and ____. Estradiol also increases CORT release from the ___ ____.

A

facilitatory, increases, proestrus, ACTH, CORT, adrenal cortex

64
Q

Testosterone has _____ effects on HPA function, as androgen receptor element binding on the CRH gene ____ CRH production, and testosterone decreases CORT release from the adrenal cortex.

A

inhibitory, decreasing

65
Q

Females exhibit ____ CORT response to stress and higher CORT levels at ____. They also show a greater ___ in CORT release across the day compared to males.

A

greater, baseline, variation

66
Q

____ amplifies CORT response to acute restraint stress in males, with a ____ return to baseline

A

castration, protracted

67
Q

the menstrual cycle phase alters ____ ____ ____. This is due to different amounts of estrogens circulating during ____ (higher) vs. ____ (lower) phases of the cycle. There is less ____ _____ during the luteal phase than the follicular phase

A

HPA negative feedback, follicular, luteal, DEX-induced suppression

PSYC 460 (18 decks)

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