L12 Journal club

Question 1

During menstruation, the ___ ___ is dicarded, and there are low circulating levels of ____ and ____ which signal the anterior pituitary gland to release ____. FSH matures an ___ ___ into an egg, and mediates _____ synthesis. Ovulation is triggered by circulating _____ binding to receptors in the ____ ___ to release ____. The ____ _____ releases progesterone and estrogen and the uterus prepares for ______. If the egg is not fertilized, the corpus luteum ___ __ and there is a drop in progesterone and estrogen levels

Answer 1

uterine lining, estrogen progesterone, FSH, ovarian follicle, estrogen, estrogen, pituitary gland, LH, corpus luteum, pregnancy, breaks down

Question 2

Progesterones and estrogens provide _____ feedback on day 12-14 of the menstrual cycle to the HPA axis, and negative feedback during ___ of the cycle

Answer 2

positive, most

Question 3

Oral contraceptives maintain ____ hormone levels and ____ the release of other hormones. It prevents ______, as the steady levels of estrogens or progesterones in the body trick the ____ ___ into thinking a woman is already pregnant, stopping it from releasing hormones that stimulate ovulation. Progesterones promote the formation of a thicker layer of ___ ___, which makes it difficult for sperm to reach the uterus and also affects the uterine ___ to make it harder for the egg to attach

Answer 3

consistent, suppresses, ovulation, pituitary gland, cervical mucus, lining

Question 4

Oral contraceptive use can influence non-reproductive related behaviour such as reduced perseverence and performance on ____ tasks, altered ___ ___, changes in ___ __ and lower ___ ____.

Answer 4

cognitive, emotional memory, partner preference, relationship satisfaction

Question 5

While estradiol _____ HPA function, progesterone inhibits ___ release

Answer 5

facilitates, ACTH

Question 6

During pregnancy and OC use, there is higher baseline _____ ___ similar to those with chronic depression. There is also a shift in peak salivary cortisol to later ____ and a ____ decrease throughout the day.

Answer 6

plasma cortisol, morning, protracted

Question 7

As only ___% of cortisol is available in the blood to exert a function, ___ cortisol is a better representation of the amount of free, bioavailable cortisol. Salivary measurements do not depend on ____ /____ while blood measurements do

Answer 7

3-5, salivary flow/circulation

Question 8

Oral contraceptives may exert influences on stress and ___ ___. OC users commonly experience ____ ____ and are at heightened risk of developing ____ _____ ____ due to the HPA axis _____.

Answer 8

emotional processing, mood swings, mental health disorders, dysregulation

Question 9

In pederson et al.’s study, a pre-test consisted of an inclusion of other in self scale, a measure of ____ with others, as well as the positive and negative affect scale to measure ___ during the blood collection

Answer 9

closeness, mood

Question 10

The group activities in pederson et al.’s study consisted of ___ minutes of noncompetitive board games, ___, and sharing ___.

Answer 10

15, singing, stories

Question 11

The post test consisted of blood collected ____ minutes after the group interaction. The problem with this is that ACTH will not peak until about ____ minutes after a stressor, and cortisol will only peak an ____ after a stressor. The participants completed the ____ again after. All the data was collected between ____pm.

Answer 11

5. 15-20, hour, surveys, 6-8

Question 12

ELISA was used with the blood samples. The blood is placed in a ___ and separated into layers. ___% is the top, which is the ___ filled with salts, water, proteins and ____. The second layer is 1% ____ ____ which are the white blood cells and platelets. The last ____% is the bottom ____ ____ cells. Known progesterone concentrations were used to create a ___ ___ to compare the samples against.

Answer 12

centrifuge, 55, plasma, minerals, buffy coat, 45, red blood, standard curve

Question 13

The acute physical and ___ stressor was the anticipation and ______ for blood collection.

Answer 13

psychological, venipuncture

Question 14

The independent variables

Answer 14

oral contraceptive use, menstrual stage, social interaction induced stress alleviation

Question 15

Dependent variable

Answer 15

ACTH, estrogen, progesterone, mood, closeness to others assay

Question 16

The cofounding variables that were controlled for included what ___ of the menstrual cycle the women were in, the differences in ___ and ___, the elimination of those with ____ _____ ____, and the time of day.

Answer 16

stage, age, BMI, mental health disorders

Question 17

The participants were from ______ _____ ___, Westmont college, and local organizations. Within their sample, current OC and NC users did not differ in age or ____. NC women had more diverse ____ than OC women. There were also anticipated differences in frequency of sexual activity and ___ ____. OC users were also more likely to have used ___ __ in their lifetime

Answer 17

claremont graduate university, BMI, ethnicities, relationship status, recreational drugs

Question 18

Results showed expected variations in plasma ___ and ____ levels throughout the menstrual cycle in NC women, with a steady increase in ____ across the cycle, and sharp increase in progesterone in the ___ phase. There was ___ variation in OC users.

Answer 18

progesterone, estradiol, estradiol, secretory, minimal

Question 19

Group activity suppressed ACTH in NC women if they were in the ___ or ____ phase, but not the ______ phase. The group activity did not suppress ACTH in ___ users. NC women also had a heightened initial ____ than OC users in menstruation. Following group activity, participants experienced increased ___ and improved ___ independent of OC use and uterine cycle phase

Answer 19

menstrual, secretory, proliferative, OC, ACTH, closeness, mood

Question 20

Based on the experimental design, findings correspond more with the ___ component of the stress system because they measured only ___ minutes after the stressor. Moreover, the second blood draw was only ___ minutes after the first blood draw, meaning the ___ ____ could be driving the decrease in ACTH. The authors also did not measure ____ levels, or how long birth control has been used, when the participations started ___, etc.

Answer 20

SAM, 5, 30, negative feedback, CORT, ovulation