L1

Question 1

The scientific study of the interaction between hormones and behaviour

Answer 1

behavioural endocrinology

Question 2

coordinated responses of an organism to internal / external stimuli (ie. environment)

Answer 2

behaviour

Question 3

Complex network of nerves and cells that carry messages to / from the brain and spinal cord to various parts of the body

Answer 3

nervous system

Question 4

collection of glands in an organism and the hormones produced by these glands

Answer 4

endocrine system

Question 5

The endocrine system includes the ___, ____, _____ and ____ glands, as well as the _____. It also includes organs such as the ____, _______ _____.

Answer 5

adrenal, thryoid, parathyroid, pituitary, hypothalamus, testes, ovaries, pancreas

Question 6

network of cells, tissues and organs that work together to protect the body from pathogens (or from itself)

Answer 6

immune system

Question 7

Starling and Bayliss examined ____ secretion in dogs. They realized that whenever food or ___ was put into the ___, the pancreas would ____. This effect would be seen even if all the ___ were removed from the duodenum. Thus they postulated that rather than the two organs communicating via the ___ system, they were communicating by a _____ signal sent by the duodenum (ie. _____)

Answer 7

pancreatic, acid, duodenum, nerves, nervous, blood-borne, secretin

Question 8

Starling defined that hormones are ___ ____ which speeding from cell to cell along the bloodstream, may ___ the activities and ____ of different parts of the body

Answer 8

chemical messengers, coordinate, growths

Question 9

Berthold’s first formal experiment in endocrinology showed that male chickens that were _____ showed lower male-typical behaviour. However, either ___ or _____ of the testes resulted in normal male behaviour.

Answer 9

caponized, transplantation, reimplantation

Question 10

Berthold’s experiment showed that testes are _____ organs, and that if they are, they can function and produce ____. Because all the testes functioned normally after all the nerves were severed, there are no specific nerves _____ testicular function. Berthold proposed that the testes must release some _____ ___ ____ product that’s responsible for the normal development of birds

Answer 10

transplantable, sperm, directing, secretory blood borne

Question 11

In the late 19th century, physicians began reporting successful treatment of patients with ____ ____, by administering extracts of ____ ____ ______ (e.g. thyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas)

Answer 11

hormone deficiencies, animal endocrine tissues

Question 12

The term hormone, was coined by _____ in the early ____ century, which triggered an increased interest in research in hormones

Answer 12

Sterling, 20th

Question 13

In the mid 20th century, Frank A Beach and William C. _____ produced ____ research on hormones and mating behaviour, which truly began the field of behavioural endocrinology

Answer 13

Young, seminal

Question 14

In the late 20th century, the scientific journal _____ and _____, made its first publication. In ____, the society for behavioural neuroendocrinology was formed

Answer 14

hormones, behaviour, 1996

Question 15

an organic chemical messenger released from endocrine cells that travels through the blood system to interact with cells at some distance away and causes a biological response

Answer 15

hormone

Question 16

a hormone will not give a response if the cell is not a ___ cell, because it has no ___

Answer 16

target, receptors

Question 17

____ ______ ____ ___ is as important as hormone concentration, as receptor ____ can produce ceiling or floor effects

Answer 17

hormone specific receptor availability, saturation

Question 18

any substance that’s provided by a cell that affects the function of another cell

Answer 18

chemical messenger

Question 19

a chemical messenger that evokes proliferation of other cells, especially in the immune system

Answer 19

cytokine

Question 20

a hormone produced by a neuron

Answer 20

neurohormonea

Question 21

a peptide hormone produced by a neuron

Answer 21

neuropeptide

Question 22

a steroid hormone produced by a neuron

Answer 22

neurosteroid

Question 23

a chemical messenger that acts across the neural synapse

Answer 23

neurotransmitter

Question 24

a messenger that changes (modulates) the response of a neuron to some other factors

Answer 24

neuromodulator

Question 25

Oxytocin and vasopressin are hormones secreted from the ____ into the bloodstream to act on _____ tissues. They are also _____ as circulating OXT and AVP molecules are first synthesized by the ____ neurons in the _____. They can also be _____, as ____ and _____ neurons in the hypothalamus release OXT/AVP into local and ____ brain regions to affect ____ function

Answer 25

pituitary, peripheral, neurohormones, magnocellular, hypothalamus, neurotransmitters, magnocellular, parvocellular, distal, neural

Question 26

Hormones are released into the ____, target cells that are ____mm to ____m away, and have a _____ ____ term effect of up to ____ days. They represent _____ signalling

Answer 26

bloodstream, 1, 2, delayed longer, 5, analog

Question 27

neurotransmitters are released into the ____, target receptors that are ____ nm away, and have ____, ____ term effects (ms). it is _______ signalling (all or none response)

Answer 27

synapse, 20-30, fast, shorter, digital

Question 28

both hormones and neurotransmitters are ____ ____ secreted inside the body, have ____ ___ in target cells, and affect a wide range of functions such as behaviour, ____, ____, ___ and ____

Answer 28

chemical messengers, receptor sites, digestion, reproduction, mood, metabolism

Question 29

in order to study behaviour, you must first determine what behaviours are ____ to the question being asked from the complete ____ of behaviours

Answer 29

relevant, range

Question 30

Then you must describe the behaviours, which involve both a description of the ___ and its _____

Answer 30

action, consequences

Question 31

In interpreting the functions of behaviours, you must consider the proximate _____ (the immediate causation, ____ and ____), as well as the ultimate ____ (the _____ and ____ function)

Answer 31

how, mechanisms, development, why, evolutionary, adaptive

Question 32

There are 3 interacting components that generate behaviour: the _____ ___ (input), the ____ (central processor), and the ____ (output)

Answer 32

sensory systems, CNS, effectors

Question 33

Hormones themselves do not cause behavioural changes, rather they influence the three systems so that certain ___ are more ___ to elicit certain _____ that are appropriate for the behavioural or social context

Answer 33

stimuli, likely, responses

Question 34

for example in rats, sexual signals such as ____ and _____ result in hormones inducing ______, which activates the ____ reflex

Answer 34

pheromones, odors, estrus, lordosis

Question 35

behaviours can also affect hormone ______. Male rodents with previous sexual experience show increased _______ _____. In addition, the male “_____” can induce ______ increases

Answer 35

levels, testosterone-deoendent aggresssion, intruders, androgen

Question 36

There are 3 types of evidence necessary to establish a modulatory link between hormones and behaviour. First, a behaviour that depends on a particular hormone should ___ when the source of or actions of the hormone are _____. Second, the behaviour should ____ when the hormone is re-introduced. Third, the hormone ___ and behaviour should be _____.

Answer 36

diminish, removed, reappear, levels, covariant