L2 Flashcards

1
Q

when hormones act on processes inside the cell

A

intracrine mediation

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2
Q

when autocrine substances feed back to influence the same cells that secreted them

A

autocrine mediation

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3
Q

when paracrine cells secrete chemicals that affect adjacent cells

A

paracrine mediation

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4
Q

when endocrine cells secrete chemicals into the bloodstream where they may travel to distant target cells

A

endocrine mediation

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5
Q

when ectocrine substances, such as pheromones are released into the environment by individuals to communicate with others

A

ectocrine mediation

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6
Q

endocrine glands are ____ and have a rich ____ supply (ie. relies on the _____ system)

A

ductless, blood, circulatory

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7
Q

endocrine glands produce hormones that are secreted into the bloodstream, which travel to _____ cell in the body

A

every

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8
Q

hormone receptors are ____ ____ cells for hormones and are located either ___ the cell or embedded in the ____ ____

A

specific binding, inside, cell membrane

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9
Q

amino acid derived hormones are made from ___ and ____, and contain a “-____” suffix. They are water ____, and stored in protein ____ inside ____ __ (vesicles). They are released from endocrine cells via ______ in response to some stimulus (_____ secretion). Amino acid derived hormones include ___ hormones, ____, and ____ derivatives

A

tyrosine, tryptophan, ine, soluble, matrices, secretory granules, exocytosis, regulatory, thyroid, catecholamines, tryptophan

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10
Q

Because amino acid derived hormones are ____ insoluble, they need a vesicle in order to pass through the lipid bilayer. The vesicle fuses with the ______ ___ and creates an opening, allowing the hormones to diffuse into the ____ _____. From there, the hormones enter the _____.

A

lipid, cell membrane, extracellular space, bloodstream

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11
Q

Thyroid hormones such as _____ act on receptors ____ the cell membrane

A

thyroxine, inside

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12
Q

Catecholamines such as ____, ____ and _____ are released from the ___ ___ and bind to receptors ____ the cell membrane

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, adrenal medulla, on

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13
Q

Tryptophan derivatives such as ____, bind to receptors ___ the cell membrane and are released by the ____ gland

A

melatonin, on, pineal

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14
Q

Protein and peptide hormones are chains of 20 _____ ____. They are synthesized as _____, or inactive molecules that are converted to active hormones either before or after they’re _____. They are _____ soluble, stored in ___ and released via ____. They bind to receptors ___ the membrane, and are much ___ than amino acid or lipid derived hormones. Larger protein hormones have ______ half-lives than shorter peptide hromones

A

amino acids, prohormones, secreted, water, vesicles, exocytosis, on, bigger, longer

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15
Q

Preprohormones have a _____ peptide that brings the molecule to the ___ _____. The chain is ____ into an inactive fragment and active prohormone. Sometimes, it is broken into several different ___ of hormones (e.g. POMC), and sometimes it is broken into many copies of the ___ hormone

A

signal, endoplasmic reticulum, cleaved, types, same

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16
Q

examples of peptide hormones

A

oxytocin, vasopressin, rfamide, kisspeptin, GnIH

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17
Q

examples of protein hormones

A

growth hormone, prolactin, insulin, glucagon, ghrelin, leptin, most hormones of pituitary gland

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18
Q

examples of glycoproteins

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone

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19
Q

hormones that are Polypeptide chains with an added carbohydrate chain

A

glycoproteins

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20
Q

Lipid derived hormones are made of ___ rings and side chains that are either built from ___ ____ or _____. They are usually ___ or _____, and are separated into ___ ___ and ______. They are ____ in water, and can readily pass through the cell membrane. They bind to ____/_____ receptors, and require carrier proteins for transport in _____. Due to this, they have longer ____ than amino-acid derivatives and peptide protein hormones. They signal to trigger both hormone _____ and _____.

A

carbon, fatty acids, cholesterol, ketones, alcohols, sex steroids, corticosteroids, insoluble, cytosolic/intracellular, blood, half-lives, release, production

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21
Q

all steroid hormones originate from the initial conversion of ______ to ______ and their genesis is regulated by ___ activity and concentration. This first step is the ____ _____ step

A

cholesterol, pregnenolone, enzyme, rate limiting

22
Q

Some examples of elcosanoids/fatty acids

A

leukotrienes, prostaglandin E

23
Q

some examples of steroids

A

androgens, estrogens, progestins, corticosteroids, calcitriol

24
Q

mechanism in which proteins are modified, usually by second messengers, and is faster

A

protein hormone action (non genomic)

25
Q

intracellular signalling molecules released by the cell to amplify intracellular signal transduction cascades

A

second messengers

26
Q

The cAMP pathway was discovered by ______. When the hormone binds to the receptor, the receptor activates the ____ protein. ____ replaces GDP. Part of the activated G protein activates an effector protein (e.g. ____ _____), that converts thousands of reactants to products, thus amplifying the action of a single signal molecule (ex. ____ –> cAMP). cAMP activates ______ _____ ____ and this in turn ____ enzymes. The GTP on the G protein is hydrolyzed to GDP, but remains ___ to the protein

A

Sutherland, G, GTP, adenylyl cyclase, ATP, protein kinase A, phosphorylates, bound

27
Q

In the phospholipase C pathway, the hormone again binds to the receptor ___ the cell membrane. Phospholipase C is activated by a _____ ____. Inside the cell, ____ which is derived from PIP2, is activated, which binds to a ____ channel inside the membrane of the ___ ___ and causes intracellular signals by the release of _____. On the cell membrane, _____ is activated, which activates ____ ___ ___ and causes cellular response by phosphorylation of target proteins

A

on, G protein, IP3, calcium, endoplasmic reticulum, calcium, DAG, protein kinase C

28
Q

In the receptor tyrosine kinase pathway, ____ RTKs are activated through ____ RTKs, through ______. Signalling proteins are activated by binding to ____, which relays a signal to the cell _____, causing further downstream effects

A

inactive, dimerized, autophosphorylation, kinases, interior

29
Q

when hormone action produces new hormones, have longer lasting effects, and are slower

A

steroid hormone action (genomic)

30
Q

Steroid hormone action occurs with _______ hormones that diffuse through the plasma membrane to bind with a receptor in the ______. This forms a _______ ____, which enters the nucleus and triggers ___ ____. The transcribed ____ is translated into proteins that alter cell activity

A

lipid-soluble, cytoplasm, receptor-hormone comlpex, gene transcription, mRNA

31
Q

Hormones that operate via the tyrosine kinase mechanism

A
  1. Growth hormone, 2. insulin, 3. prolactin
32
Q

Hormones that operate via the steroid hormone mechanism

A

glucocorticoids, estrogens, aldosterone, testosterone, progesterones, thyroid hormones

33
Q

hormones that operate via the IP3/Ca2+ mechanism

A

GnRH, GHRH, Epinephrine, Oxytocin, TRH, AVP,

34
Q

The hypothalamus controls hormone ______, maintains _____, _____ _____, body ____, _____ balance, body _____, _____, and the ____ cycle. It also influences the ___ ____ and affect aspects of behaviour through its connection with the _____ system.

A

secretions, homeostasis, food intake, weight, electrolyte, temperature, reproduction, sleep-wake, emotional, motivational, limbic

35
Q

The hypothalamic-pituitary system regulates ____ function. ___/____ hormones regulate the production and release of ___ hormones by the anterior pituitary gland. Hormones released by the posterior pituitary gland are ____ inside the hypothalamus, and maintained through ____ to the hypothalamus.

A

endocrine, releasing/inhibiting, tropic, synthesized, feedback

36
Q

Gland responsible for reproductive maturation and body rhythms

A

pineal gland

37
Q

The anterior pituitary gland is responsible for hormone secretion by the ____, ___ ___ and ____, as well as growth.

A

thyroid, adrenal cortex, gonads

38
Q

the _____ system of the anterior pituitary ensures that blood flows primarily in one direction, from the ___ to the ____. Due to this, when axon terminals in the hypothalamus release ____ hormones in the _____, they circulate and do not go back up to the hypothalamus.

A

portal, hypothalamus, pituitary, releasing, capillaries

39
Q

CRH from the hypothalamus causes the release of ______ in the anterior pituitary, which causes the release of ____ from the from the ___ __ which sits on top of the kidneys

A

ACTH, corticosteroids, adrenal cortex

40
Q

TRH causes the release of _____ from the anterior pituitary, which causes the release of ____ ____ from the _____.

A

TSH, thyroid hormones, thyroid

41
Q

GnRH ____, while _____ inhibits the release of both ____ and ___ from the anterior pituitary. This causes a release of _______ from the testes, and ____ and ____ from the ovaries

A

facillitates, GnIH, LH, FSH, androgens, estrogens, progestins

42
Q

Prolactin releasing peptide, and ___ ____ ____ or _____ regulates the release of prolactin in the anterior pituitary. Prolactin release causes targets the ___ ____ for milk production

A

prolactin inhibitng factor, dopamine, mammary glands

43
Q

somatocrinin stimulates, and _____ inhibits the release of ___ ___ from the anterior pituitary, which facilitates ____ ___

A

somatostatin, growth hormone, bone growth

44
Q

the posterior pituitary is responsible for ____/_____ balance. It has no portal system, thus, hormones enter directly into ____ ____. The posterior pituitary ___ and ____ oxytocin and vasopressin, but they are synthesized in the hypothalamus by _____ cells in the _____ and ____ nuclei

A

salt/water, general circulation, stores, releases, magnocellular, paraventricular, supraoptic

45
Q

The anterior and posterior pituitary gland are separated by the ____ ____, though this structure is not seen in all animals

A

pars intermedia

46
Q

the cortex of the adrenal glands are responsible for ___ and ____ metabolism, and ____ reactions. The medulla is responsible for ____ arousal.

A

salt, carbohydrate, inflammatory, emotional

47
Q

the pancreas is responsible for

A

sugar metabolism

48
Q

The gut is responsible for

A

digestion and appetite control

49
Q

the gonads are responsible for _____ development, and maintenance of ____ ____ in adults

A

body, reproductive organs

50
Q

When hormones activate the target tissue, and the product made inhibits the endocrine gland to stop further production of hormone

A

negative feedback

51
Q

when the hormones activate the target tissue, and the product made stimulates the endocrine glad fro more hormone

A

positive feedback

52
Q

____ and ___ exhibit both positive and negative feedback. From day ____-___, it exhibits positive feedback, while the rest of the cycle is under negative feedback

A

LH, FSH, 12-14