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Phgy 455 > WEEK 3- SCI pt2 > Flashcards

WEEK 3- SCI pt2 Flashcards

1
Q

motor control is part of ascending or descencing pathway

A

descending

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2
Q

motor neuron of a descending pathway, whose cell body lies in the cortex or brainstem is…

A

upper motor neuron

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3
Q

α-motoneuron, whose cell body lies in the spinal cord is ….

A

lower motor neuron

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4
Q

true or false an upper motor neurons cell bodies are located in the upper potion of teh spinal cord

A

false , in the cortical regions or brainstem

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5
Q

true or false upper motor neurons synapse directly or indirectly with lower motor neurons

A

true

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6
Q

lower motor neurons cell bodies are located in

A

spinal cord

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7
Q

which motor neuron (upper or lower) synapses with the peripheral periphery

A

lower

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8
Q

local circuit neurons (INTERNEURONS) pass information to which kind of motor neuron

A

lower motor neurons

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9
Q

motor neurons are locate din which lamina

A

9- motor neuron column

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10
Q

who is sir charles sherrington

A

defined stretch reflex and the motor neuron

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11
Q

who said this ““The final common path to muscle activation is the lower motor neuron”.

A

sir charles sherrington

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12
Q

where do alpha motor neurons have their cell bodies

A

in lamina 9

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13
Q

what is a motor unit

A

α-MN and the muscle fibers it innervates

1 motorneuron and the muscle fiber that innervates this unit is caleld the motor unit

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14
Q

true or false
a motor neuron will not innervate all the muscle fibers within a muscle but will activate a part of them

A

true

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15
Q

true or false 1 muscle is activated by many motor neurons that are spreadat different levels

A

true

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16
Q

do motor units and motor neurons vary in size?

A

yes

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17
Q

do small motor neurons innervate a large amount of muscle fibers

A

no a few

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18
Q

can a larger motor neuron innervate larger muscle fibers

A

yes

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19
Q

true or false AP in small motor unit = force produced is small

A

true

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20
Q

true or false AP in large motor unit= force produced is large

A

true

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21
Q

what can we say about the relationship betwen motor unit size and force produced by the muscle

A

they are proportional

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22
Q

how can we increase relative force produced?

A

temporal sumamtion

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23
Q

what is temporal sumamtion

A

AP are close to eachother ahd add to eachother

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24
Q

what produces greater force a single muscle twitchj or muscle that has temporal summation

A

temp sum

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25
Q

small MN inneravtes what and what is the motor unit called

A

small skeletal red cells
slow motor unit

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26
Q

slow motor unit is good for

A

sustained muscle contraction and upright posture

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27
Q

true or false slow motor units produce large forces

A

false , the smallest force

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28
Q

do slow motor units last a long time

A

yes

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29
Q

what is the motor unit called that is middle size mn (resistant to fatigue)

A

fast fatigue-resistant motor units

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30
Q

Large MN innervates and what is the motor unit called

A

pale muscle fibers that generate force

fast fatigable
motor units

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31
Q

what are fast fatigable
motor units used for

A

running and jumping

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32
Q

do fast fatiguable motor units generate little or lots of force

A

lots

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33
Q

small MN innervates skeletal red cells why are they called that

A

lots of hemoglobin = lots of oxygen

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34
Q

how does small motor units sustain force for a bery long time

A

lots of oxygen in the red cells

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35
Q

pale muscles fibers do not contain alot of what

A

hemoglobin
mitochondira
= using less oxygen

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36
Q

which motor unit doe sthis apply to
“lots of force generated for a short amount of time”

A

fast fatiguable motor

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37
Q

which motor unit doe sthis apply to
“little force generated for a long amount of time”

A

slow motor units

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38
Q

true or false small MN have small diameter

A

yes

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39
Q

true or false larghe MN have larger diamter

A

yes

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40
Q

standing require what type of motor unit

A

slow

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41
Q

running walkign requires what kind of motor unit

A

fast fatigue resistant

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42
Q

faster run gallop and jumping requires what motor unit

A

fast fatiguable

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43
Q

true or false there is only one type of motor unit you need to recruit for all activities

A

fasle, depending on what youre doing you will recruit either smaller, medium or bigger motor units

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44
Q

what are two ways you can regualte muscle force

A

size of motor unit

temporal sumamtion

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45
Q

what is “frequency of AP” of MN

A

how close or how far the action potential are from eachother

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46
Q

true or false action potentional spread apart in time will create temporal summation

A

false

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47
Q

what is temporal summation

A

frequent and close action potentials taht add onto eachother creating larger force

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48
Q

is stretch reflex monosyptactic or polysynaptic

A

mono

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49
Q

In a monosynaptic stretch reflex, what is initially stretched

A

the tendon

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50
Q

In a monosynaptic stretch reflex, the tendon streches first, then what

A

sensory receptor in leg extensor muscle

51
Q

talk about a monosynaptic stretch reflex

A

!

52
Q

true or false in a monosynaptic stretch reflex the flexor muscle is excited

A

false, the extensor is

53
Q

reflexes are mediated by what

A

loacl circutry in teh spinal chord

54
Q

alpha motor neurons innervate what kind of muscle fiber

A

extrafusal muscle fibers
ALEX

55
Q

stretch in teh muscle is sensed by which kind of muscle fibers

A

intrafusal
(innervated by gamma )

56
Q

sensory neurons innervate what in a monosynaptic reflex

A

motor neurons and local circuit neurons = interneurons

57
Q

what is different about a reflexs connections

A

sensory neuron communiacted directly with a motor neuron

(usually tehre are interneurons present)

58
Q

what innervates intrafusal muscle fibers

A

gamma motor neurons

59
Q

why do have gamma motor neurons innervating intrafusal muscle fibers (msucle spindles)

A

to keep it taught so it can sense stretch

60
Q

what is stretch reflex responsible for

A

steady level of tension in muscle = muscle tone

61
Q

is steady level of tension in muscle = muscle tone voluntary or involuntary

A

INVOLUNTARY

62
Q

Normal muscle tone:

A

n Assists in maintaining balance

n Spring-like qualities of muscles help to smooth movements

63
Q

abnormal muscle tone :

A

n Stretch reflex could be hypoactive

n Stretch reflex could be hyperactive

64
Q

true or false Stretch reflexes work in combination with the descending system

A

true

65
Q

SLIDE 22!

A

..

66
Q

true or false if a ;esion to teh brain, reflexes will stop working (upper motor neuron lesion)

A

false

67
Q

hwo is spasticity caused

A

Caused by damage of the SC and/or CNS n cerebral palsy, SC injury, stroke, TBI

68
Q

when is spasticity noteable

A

Noticeable in the first few months after the initial insult

69
Q

what is the scie nce behind spasticity

A

Lack of inhibition from the descending pathways results in
excessive contraction of the muscles

70
Q

what are the features of spastic muscles

A

tightness, stiffness or pull

71
Q

what are treatments for spasticity (OT/PT)

A

to prevent muscle contractures

n stretching, passive and active movements, orthotics, exercises

72
Q

what are treatments for spasticity (physical modalities)

A

Functional electrical stimulation (FES), ultrasound, heat, hydrotherapy

73
Q

name some other treatments of spasticity

A

Botulinum toxin injections n Medication

Baclofen & Clozapine (GABA agonists)

n Permanent neurosurgical treatment to release contractures

rhizotomy = sensory nerve destruction

74
Q

how does botox work for spasticity

A

blocking the signal from afferent to efferent

75
Q

What happens ot the reflex in an lower motor neuron lesion

A

no more reflex

76
Q

slide 28!!!

A

.

77
Q

what is neuropathy

A

loss of axons or neurons

78
Q

what is myopathyh

A

loss of muscle fiber

79
Q

what happens in neuropathy

A

lose size principle = losing a motor unit essentially
less smooth recruitment

80
Q

what happens in myopathy

A

signal will go through but less force = less miuscles

81
Q

what happens in AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS

A

lose motor neurons in lamina 9 (neuropathy)

82
Q

in als do we lose the motor neuron fast or slow

A

slow

83
Q

is there a cure for als

A

no

84
Q

is als a neurodegenerative disease

A

yes

85
Q

what is als prognosis

A

death within 5 years
(steven hawking lived much longer though)

86
Q

is tehre something genetic about als

A

yes

87
Q

in alwhy do people die quickly with als

A

when it starts to affect the diagrpham = cant breathe

88
Q

what is Poliomyelitis

A

neuropathic diease where motor neurons are lost

89
Q

is Poliomyelitis viral

A

yes

90
Q

is Poliomyelitis for children

A

yes

91
Q

what can Poliomyelitis cause

A

paralysis and death

92
Q

is there a vaccine for Poliomyelitis

A

yes

93
Q

do all countries have poli vaccine

A

no

94
Q

in neuropathic diseases can demylenation also occur ?

A

yes!

95
Q

in which diseases do we see a demylenation of axons

A

MS
guillain barre
diabetes

96
Q

what is MS

A

autoimmune disorders
that also eventually destroys neurons

97
Q

what is guillain barre

A

Autoimmune disorder

Can be triggered by insect bite & infection

Causes weakness paralysis & pain

Peaks within 2 weeks and generally resorbs itself without lasting consequences

98
Q

name a myopathic disease

A

Muscular Dystrophy

99
Q

what is Muscular Dystrophy (MD)

A

Genetic disease taht affcets children with motor development delays

100
Q

name a type of MD

A

duschene
Recessive, linked to X chromosome, leads to slow paralysis, with life expectancy at 16-30 yo

101
Q

what is located in the intermediate zone

A

interneurons !!

102
Q

true or false interneurons are located in the intermediate zone

A

true

103
Q

long distance local circuit neurons and short distance local circuit neurons are examples of what

A

interneurons

104
Q

what is the “science” behinf Central pattern generators

A

if you activate a certain pool of interneurons they will induce a pattern

105
Q

what is at the basis of CPG

A

many types of behaviors: swimming, walking, chewing, breathing, scratching…

106
Q

true or false in infancy we see alot of CPG and as we grow up we get out of these patterns

A

true

107
Q

true or false invertebrates have evolved to using CPG to move

A

true

108
Q

locomotion for vertebrates consists of what

A

All vertebrates exhibit rhythmic / cyclic movements / essential for locomotion

109
Q

true or false,
movements of locomotion, swimming, walking, chewing, breathing , scrtaching only go to the brain

A

false , These movements rely heavily on spinal cord circuits but still do need higher cotical outputs

110
Q

what do CPG control

A

timing and coordination of complex movements

111
Q

what is neuroplasticity in spinal cord

A

Spinal cord circuits (CPG) can reorganize themselves after injury.

112
Q

how does Spinal cord circuits (CPG) reorganize themselves after injury.

A

This happens through a reorganization of synapses: neurons cannot regrow but can change their number and type of dendrites.

113
Q

local circuits in spinal cord are called

A

central pattern generators

114
Q

true or false if you transect the spinal cord at the thoracic level a cat will not be able to walk on a treadmill

A

false, he will be = reflexive movent and pattern in the spinal cord

115
Q

True or false In humans, complete spinal cord transection results in permanent paralysis.

A

true BUT,
- Some anecdotal evidence of weak walking patterns in complete SCI patients after sensory stimulation.

  • Direct stimulation of spinal cord (e.g. FES) can evoke weak locomotion-like patterns – but not enough to support the person’s weight.
116
Q

true or false in incomplete SCI, some recory is possible

A

true

117
Q

true or false, CPGs may exist in humans as well, but their activation requires descending inputs - sensory inputs are not sufficient.

A

true
we need the input from our brains!!!

118
Q

slide 44 david MZEE talk about it

A

n David Mzee made history by walking at the Wings for Life World Run start line.
n In 2023, he suffered a partial SCI in a gymnastics accident. n Combined use of electrical stimulation of the spinal cord and
physical therapy enabled men with spinal-cord injury to walk.

119
Q

talk about michel roccati

A

n Michel Roccati became the first man with a completely severed spine to walk again.
n The electronic implants wirelessly transmit his thoughts to his legs and feet via a second implant on his spine.

120
Q

what are neural interfaces

A

Devices that interact with the nervous system

They are electronic devices placed on the outside or inside of the brain or nervous system to record or stimulate activity – or both

121
Q

true or false in the example of michjel rocaccti we are fixing the pathway between the brain and spinal cord

A

fasle , we are bypassing the lesion

122
Q

who is incharge of neuralink

A

elon musk

123
Q

what other diseases can use these brain computer interfaces

A

parkinsons
stroke
deafness
memory

124
Q
A

Phgy 455 (19 decks)

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