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Phgy 455 > WEEK 7- Olfaction, vision, taste, audition > Flashcards

WEEK 7- Olfaction, vision, taste, audition Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 5 main things are eyes collect info on

A
  • Object location
  • Size
  • Color
  • Texture
  • Motion
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2
Q
  • Object location
  • Size
  • Color
  • Texture
  • Motion
    are all things the _____ picks up on
A

eye

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3
Q

what is the order that light passes through before reaching the retina

A

cornea
pupil
lens

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4
Q

true or false this is the prder taht light passes through before egtting to the retina

pupul
lens
cornea

A

false

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5
Q

true or false the retina is the first location that light passes throiugh from the the outside

A

false, the cornea

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6
Q

what type of cells doe sthe retina contain

A

photoreceptive cells

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7
Q

what are the two types of photoreceptive cells

A

rods and cones

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8
Q

what is teh function of photorecetive cells in the retina

A

responding to light

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9
Q

how is visual info passed to the brain

A

information sent by axons through optic disk along the optic nerve to the brain

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10
Q

what is the fovea

A

area of highest visual acuity

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11
Q

what is the optic disk

A

“blind spot” area without photorecpetors
area where optic nerve leaves the eye

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12
Q

true or flase the left eye contains the left visual field an dthe right contains teh right visual field

A

fasle,
each eye contains both left an dright visual fields

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13
Q

true or flase
Both eyes receive information from Left and Right visual fields

A

true

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14
Q

why do we receive left an dright visual field info in both eyes

A

so that we can compensate if we lose vision in one eye

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15
Q

is this true:
the right eye has their left visual field on the nasal aspect and the right visual field on the temporal aspect

BUT the left eye ha steh right visual field on the nasal aspect and the left visual field on the temporal aspect

A

yes

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16
Q

how are visual fields presented on the retina

A

binocular visual fields
flipped horizontally and vertically

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17
Q

is peripheral vision monocular or binocular

A

monocular= only visible on one eye

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18
Q

True or false
left peripheral vision is only being represented on teh left nasal retina

A

true
(comes from left temporal field of vision)

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19
Q

Axons of which part of the eye go to brain

A

retinal cell axons

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20
Q

optic chiasm is composed of which retina axons (nasal or temporal)

A

nasal

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21
Q

nasal retina image is which field of view

A

temporal

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22
Q

true or false temporal retina axons cross at the chiasm

A

false
temporal field of view but nasal retina

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23
Q

Which field of vision do optic tracts consists of

A

contralateral field of vision

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24
Q

is this true:
right optic tract contains information from left visual field

A

yes

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25
Q

what is right hemianopsia

A

loss of right visual field

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26
Q

what is Phototransduction:

A

light energy converted into electrical signals

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27
Q

which cells convert light to electrical signals

A

photoreceptors (rods and cones)

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28
Q

true or false photoreceptors produce action potentials.

A

false, they do not

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29
Q

do photoreceptors depolarize in the presence of light

A

no they hyperpolarize in the presence of light and release less neurotansmitter

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30
Q

in the presence of light, photorecepetors release a _____ release of neurotransmitters

A

steady

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31
Q

rods and cones synapse with

A

bipolar cells

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32
Q

which part of the RETINA does light land on first

A

external layer = photoreceptors

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33
Q

what is the order of cells in the RETINA that light passes through

A

PHOTORECEPTORS
BIPOLAR CELLS
RETINAL GANGLION CELLS

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34
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
When photoreceptors are hyper polarized, neurotransmitter release to Bipolar cells is increased

A

false

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35
Q

are bipolar cells excitatory or inhibitory

A

excititory

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36
Q

In teh presence of ligth after synapsing with the _____ bipolar cells depolarize and synapse with _______

A

photoreceptors
retinal ganglion cells

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37
Q

which cells form the optic nerve

A

RETINAL GANGLION CELL

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38
Q

where are action potentials generated

A

in optic nerve

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39
Q

rods and cones are

A

photoreceptors

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40
Q

rods and cones synapse with

A

bipolar cells

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41
Q

peripheral or central visual fields cross at teh chiasm

A

peripheral = temporal visual fiels that land on the nasal aspect of each eye

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42
Q

_____ rods synapse with _____ bipolar cell

A

multiple
ONE

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43
Q

rods are _____ sensitive to light but _____ acuity

A

more
lower

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44
Q

do rods have high or low acuity

A

low

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45
Q

are rods more or less sensitive to ligjt than cones

A

more

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46
Q

____ cone synapses wiwith _______ bipolar cell

A

one
one

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47
Q

cones are _____ sensitive to light but _____ acuity

A

less
higher

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48
Q

cones are repsonsible for what type of vision

A

colour

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49
Q

cones are much more concentrated where

A

at the foveaaaaaa
makes sence seeming it has higher visual acuity

Cone = aCuity

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50
Q

is thsi true:
we do not interpret each small dot of light of each receptive field in our environment

A

true

51
Q

true or false the WAY we perceive colours is through cones

A

false = high motor cortext
being able to see colour is cones
but my blue an dyour blue are diff

52
Q

which two centers do we have in retinal ganglion cells (RGC)

A

on centre
off centre

53
Q

what do on centre RGC do

A

produce action potentials when light is shined in the centre of their receptive fields and are inhibited by light in the surround area

54
Q

what do OFF centre RGC do

A

produce Action Potentials when there is decreased light in the centre of their receptive fields

55
Q

what do we see if not each small dot of light

A

CONTRAst = BOUNDARIES, EDHGES, CORNERS
and teh rest is filled in my out brains

56
Q

true or false
Ganglion cells are very responsive when the center and surround are simultaneously stimulated by light and dark

A

true

57
Q

what is the vidual pathway steps

A

retina
optic nerve
LGN
primary visal cortex
(superior colliculus for reflexes and eye movent)

58
Q

what is LGN

A

he first processing centre from visual info from the optic nerve

59
Q

lesion to the right optic nerve :

A

complete loss fo sight in eye
(lecture she says loss of right peripheral info)

60
Q

right optic tract lesion

A

compleet loss of left visual field

61
Q

lesion to optic chiasm

A

temporal visual fields lost

62
Q

loss of right primary visual cortex

A

loss of left visual field

63
Q

quadrantonopsia can happen where

A

in optic radiations and in the cortical region below or above calcarine sulcus

64
Q

what are retinopic maps

A

Ensures that orientation/spatial
information about visual stimuli are communicated from the retina to the upper levels of the visual pathway.

65
Q

what am i describing Ensures that orientation/spatial
information about visual stimuli are communicated from the retina to the upper levels of the visual pathway.

A

retinopic organziation

66
Q

true or false Details are further refined in the primary visual cortex

A

true

67
Q

how are details furtehr refined in teh visual cortex (3 examples)

A

level of orientation, rate of motion, amount of light contrast…)

68
Q

true or false : visual cortex is bringing in all the pieces togetehr to see an image

A

true

69
Q

what is the purpose of smell

A

Detect airborne molecules – Odorants

70
Q

what does smell influence (4)

A

social interactions, reproduction, defensive responses and feeding

71
Q

Airborne odorants interact with ______ int he _________

A

olfactory receptor neurons
olfactory epithelium

72
Q

cell bodies of primary sensory neurons of olfactory system are located hwere

A

olfactory epithelium

73
Q

olfactpry neurvce is

A

axons from the receptor neuron

74
Q

where do the central projections of the receptor olfactory neuron project through and who do they project to

A

cribiform plate and to the olfactory bulb

75
Q

what is the path of smell

A

primary sensory neurons (olfctory nerve) in the olfactory epithelium sensing odorants in area

synapse with secondary sensory neurons in olfactory bulb through the cribiform plate

info travels through olfactory tarct to piriform cortex (also amygdala)

then to orbitofrontal cortex + thalamus for more descrimination of smells

also to hypothalamus and hippocampus for emotiosn and memory

76
Q

true or false Olfactory signals can evoke memories (hypothalamus/ hippocampus), emotions (amygdala

A

true

77
Q

if smell goes to the amygdala what canit evoke

A

emotions

78
Q

if smell goes to hypothalamus and hippocampus what can it evoke

A

memories

79
Q

know the slide about tranduction of an odour to action potential

A
80
Q

true or false teh olfactory nerve is teh bulb and tract

A

false its the primary sensory neuron eho has receptirs durectky receing the odorant

81
Q

what is the purpose of gustary system 2 reasons

A
  • Information about ingested substances
    (quality, quantity and safety)
  • prepares the GI system to receive and digest food
82
Q

what are the 5 types of taste

A

sweet
sour
salty
bitter
umami

83
Q

where are taste cells located

A

on taste buds

84
Q

where are taste buds located

A

the tongue, soft palate, pharynx and upper esophagus

85
Q

what do taste buds contain

A

gustatory neurons

86
Q

which CN detect taste

A

VII, IX and X

87
Q

where doe sthe first synapse occur

A

NUCLEUS SOLIATIUS

88
Q

who does ant 2/3 of taset on tongue

A

dn 7

89
Q

who does posterior 1/3 tatse

A

9

90
Q

who does taste on epiglottis

A

10

91
Q

does tatse got o thalamus if yes where

A

yes VPM

92
Q

what is the auditory system main purpise

A
  • Important to movement, attention, and arousal

Guides behaviours such as orienting to stimuli, communication, as well as self-generated sounds

93
Q

humans with normal hearing can detect sounds form

A

20Hz to 20 KHz

94
Q

ear is divided in 3 main part

A

outer
middle
inner

95
Q

timpanic membrabe is ttached to which bone

A

malleus

96
Q

what are the bones of teh ear

A

malleus
incus
stapes

97
Q

inner ear is what

A

cochlea +vestibular ap

98
Q

sounds from the external ear pass through the middle ear and hit the _____

A

tympanic membrane

99
Q

teh tympanic membrane is responsible for

A

amplifying sounds

100
Q

inner ear is made up of the ____

A

cochlea

101
Q

what does the organ of corti house

A

inner hair cells
outer hair cells
basillar membrane
tectorial membrane

102
Q

hair cells are between what

A

tectorial membrane
basillar

103
Q

what happens when sound enters the ear

A

Sounds produce shearing motions between the basilar membrane and the and the tectorial membrane.

The shearing motions bend the hair cells, opening ion channels and producing action potentials in the auditory nerve (found in the spiral ganglion).

104
Q

what is the organ of corti

A

sense organ of hearing

105
Q

hair cells lie on which membrane

A

basilar

106
Q

basilar membrane is in….

A

organ of corti

107
Q

stereocilia on hair cells bend due to what

A

vibration of teh basilar membrane

108
Q

stereocilia bends against what

A

tectorial membrane

109
Q

what kind of channels are present at the stereocilia

A

mechanically gated

110
Q

what happebs when stereocilia on hair cells are bent?

A

mechanically gated ion channels open and ions flow in causeing an AP through it and into the auditory nerve

111
Q

which hair cells in particular cause “opens ion channels and triggers an action potential”

A

inner

112
Q

which hair cells cause “Act mechanically on basilar membrane and improve frequency sensitivity of inner hair cells”

A

outer

113
Q

which hair cells transduce sound stimulus

A

inner

114
Q

which hair cells are afferent

A

inner

115
Q

which hair cells receive input from CNS

A

outer

116
Q

true or false outer hair cells are afferent

A

false

117
Q

outer cells are “efferent or afferent”

A

effeerent

118
Q

damage to which hair cells cause heraing loss

A

inner

119
Q

understand how the auditory pathway is !!!

A

we know this cuxz of anat

120
Q

what are the 4 inmporatnt structure sinthe auditory pathway

A

Cochlear nucleus:
superior olivary nuclei
inferior colliculis
medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

121
Q

wher eis the auditory cortex

A

temporal love

122
Q

whatis the role of superior olivary complex

A

sound localization

123
Q

role of thalamus and inferior colliculi
x

A

further processing of frequency, amplitude and localization information.processing sounds

Phgy 455 (19 decks)

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