L8 Flashcards

1
Q

The two most common prosocial behaviours in mammals are ___ ___ in mating, and _____ ____ interactions

A

sexual interaction, mother-infant

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2
Q

any behaviour that directly contributes to the survival and optimal mental and physical development of fertilized eggs or offspring that have left the mother’s body

A

parental behaviours

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3
Q

species-specific and stereotypic examples of parental care include ___, ___ building, ___, ___/___, ___ and ___ of young. In many neonates, parental behaviours are the first __ ____

A

grooming, nest, feeding/nursing, carrying defence, social experience

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4
Q

mammalian ___ ____present characteristics that are unique to other social behaviours. Most social behaviours are displayed in ___ __, such as mating, aggression, and play, but parental care typically encompasses a long, ____ interaction between parents and offspring that can last days, months or years. Parental behaviours also involve either 1, 2 , or a multitude of ____ _____, are _____ and thought to emerge from a ____ neural circuitry that is highly ____ ___

A

parental behaviours, short bouts, prolonged, cooperating adults, non-reciprocal, core, evolutionarily conserved

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5
Q

when a pair of two sexes engage in preferential mating with one another and remain together, often both contributing to raising the offspring (biparental) - only 5% in mammalian species

A

monogamous mating system

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6
Q

when two sexes are attracted during mating, and once it is complete, they leave each other and the pregnant female gives birth and cares for her offspring by herself (uniparental)

A

polygamous mating system

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7
Q

Pair bonding is ____ and male infant directed behaviours vary, but ____ interaction is common to all mammals.

A

rare, mother-infant

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8
Q

Neural circuitry and ___ that underlie long-term mother=infant bonding provides a _____ ___ ___ upon which other types of strong social bonds (such as ___ __) have been built.

A

mechanisms, primordial neural scaffold, pair bonding

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9
Q

First is _____ in which an infant stimulus targets neural mechanisms that promote ____ and maternal care rather than than those that drive ___ and avoidance of infant stimuli (stimuli carry ___ ___)

A

recognition, attraction, rejection, positive valence

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10
Q

______ natural selection pressures have altered how dependent the core neural circuitry is on ____ and ___ to facilitate maternal behaviour

A

species-specific, hormones, experience

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11
Q

Maternal behaviours are also ____, as they depend on _____ _____ mechanisms that drive development of an enduring, long-lasting mother infant attraction

A

persistent, experience-dependent, neuroplasticity

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12
Q

The recognition process can be either ___ or ____, mediated by developmental maturity of the offspring. _____ animals that are born/hatched at an early stage of development are ___ and require substantial parental care to survive. This results in a _____ recognition process in which maternal care is directed toward a ____ infant stimulus rather than to particular infants. Mothers will commonly care for any ______ infant through the ____ period. Meanwhile, _____ animals are born/hatched at a more advanced stage of development and thus require little or no ____ ____ for survival, and typically leave the ___ shortly after birth. Thus, the recognition process is ____ and other conspecific offspring are _____

A

specific, nonspecific altricial, helpless, nonspecific, generic, conspecific, postpartum, precocial, parental intervention, nest, nonspecific, rejected

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13
Q

In monogamous animals, the mother-infant bonding is similar to _____ ____. Research on maternal-infant interactions can provide ___ on how selective and _____ attractions develops between _____ ____. In ___ animals, the neural mechanisms of ____ ___ are important, while in altricial animals, neural mechanisms of developing an enduring ___ are important

A

pair bonding, hypotheses, mating pairs, precocial, selective recognition, bond

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14
Q

Rodent maternal care consists for 4 stereotyped behaviours: _____ (passive with relaxed back or active with ___ back), _____ ____ and grooming, ___ building and ___ retrieval. Maternal motivation can be quantified as ___ to retrieve pups, amount of ___ ___ a dam will perform to gain access to pups, and the ___ of pup stimuli relative to other stimuli.

A

nursing, arched, anogenital licking, nest, pup, latency, physical effort, preference

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15
Q

postpartum dams will face _____ environments to retrieve pups, such as faster latency on the ___ ____ ____, or retrieval from a ___

A

threatening, elevated plus maze, box

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16
Q

In many species, virgin females and males ___ infants, and virgin rodents will commonly also ___ pups. In contrast, ___ dams exhibit maternal behaviour, regardless of whether the pups are her ____.

A

avoid, attack, postpartum, offspring

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17
Q

A study showed that when animals could press a lever on a ___ ___ schedule to gain access to a pup and retrieve it to bring it back to the ___, ____ dams pressed the lever more for access to pups than ___ ___ and more than _____ virgins.

A

continuous reinforcement, nest, postpartum, virgin females, ovarectomized

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18
Q

Maternal behaviour seems to be induced during ____, when there is shift in ___ of infant stimuli from aversive to positive. Neural systems that drive avoidance and infant directed _____ become inhibited in favour of systems that promote ____ and interaction. In females that have never given birth, their latency to a maternal response increases at age ___, then remains high. In females that give birth, their latency drops right at ____, and increases slightly again after ____ ends

A

parturition, valence, aggression, approach, 25, birth, lactation

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19
Q

In rats, the basic level of maternal responsiveness is present in both sexes which is _____ of hormonal action. When nulliparious ____, ___ and _____ females were continually exposed to young ___ ___, all three groups began to show maternal behaviour after ____ days, irrespective of hormonal status. ___ and ___ males also developed maternal behaviour.

A

independent, intact, ovariectomized, hypophysectomized, foster pups, 5-6, intact, castrated

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20
Q

If all rats have a basic level of maternal responsiveness if given sufficient exposure to pups, parturition must drive an enhanced ____ to infant stimuli. The rapid appearance of maternal behaviour at parturition depends on ___ ___ that occur in ___ gestation. If a newly parturient female is ____ of contact with pups during this period of heightened responsiveness ____

A

sensitization, hormonal changes, late, deprived, fades

21
Q

In Orpen and Fleming’s experiment, ____ (pregnant for the first time) rats were C-sectioned at ____. After, animals were presented with ____ for the first time after varying lengths of time. Prior to testing foster pups were ___ and a new set of foster pups were placed into the _. Then _____ behaviour was tested through retrieval of ___ pups during a 15 minute observation period for 2 consecutive days and showing _______ _____ position over 4 pups on at least one of those days. There was heightened maternal responsiveness as long as pups were presented within ___ days post c section, suggesting this is the ___ period for pup experience

A

primigravid, E22, pups, removed, cage, maternal, 4, crouching lactating, 3, sensitive

22
Q

after ___ days of no exposure to pups, ____ of maternal behaviour increased. this was also seen for ___ ___.

A

8, latency, virgin females

23
Q

However, a ___ minute pup exposure during the sensitive window was sufficient to maintain ___ maternal responsiveness. When pup exposure was given for varied amounts of time ___ hours after C-section, maternal behaviour was seen with rats given ___ and ___ experience. However, rats given ____ or ____ of exposure did not show this

A

30, heightened, 24, 30 mins, 24 hrs, no, 15 min

24
Q

During pregnancy, ____ begins to rise just after _____, and drops right before parturition. ____ is stable during the beginning of pregnancy and ____ just before parturition. _____ is low throughout pregnancy and has a steep rise and peak just before ______. It is also critical for ____.

A

progesterone, insemination, estradiol, peaks, prolactin, parturition, lactation

25
Q

___ ___ from a pregnant rat to a virgin female can ellicit the simultaneous onset of maternal responsiveness in ____

A

blood transfusions, both

26
Q

Sequential pretreatment of _____ followed by ___ is effective in inducing heightened maternal responsiveness in ____, ____ females. The effect of the hormone treatment is suppressed when administered ____ (a dopamine agonist). This inhibited the ____ release of prolactin from the pituitary gland. The maternal behaviour returned when ___ and ____ were simultaneously given. This implies that maternal behaviour may be induced via ____ driven surge in prolactin

A

progesterone, estradiol, nulliparious, ovariectomized, CB-154, estradiol-driven, CB-154, prolactin, estradiol-driven

27
Q

Oxytocin peaks before ____ and remains high in the postpartum period. In the 1970s, ___ infusion of oxytocin didn’t induce maternal behaviour, and lesions of the ____ tract that prevented the release of oxytocin from the pituitary didn’t ____ maternal behaviour

A

parturition, intravenous, neurohypophyseal, block

28
Q

Later is was found that OXTR activation would stimulate ____ release and _____ _____.

A

prolactin, uterine contractions

29
Q

____ from the ovaries induces ____ receptors on the uterus. Oxytocin from the ____ and ____ bind to these receptors, and stimulates the uterus to ____, and the placenta to make _____. The prostaglandins stimulate more contractions on the uterus and feedback back to the ____ and to the ____.

A

estrogen, oxytocin, fetus, pituitary, contract, prostaglandins, placenta, fetus/pituitary

30
Q

Later in the 1970s, immunohistochemistry experiments showed that ______ and ___ pathways projects from the hypothalamic nuclei to various ______ brain regions such as the _____ cells that modulate axonal release to distal brain regions, and the ____ cells that modulate dendritic release within the hypothalamus and axonal release into ___ ____

A

oxytocin, vasopressin, extra-hypothalamic, parvocellular, magnocellular, general circulation

31
Q

Peripheral administration of oxytocin doesn’t induce maternal behaviour, but ______ ____ does.

A

intracerebroventricular infusion

32
Q

When nulliparious, ovarectomized females that were treated with estradiol and progesterone after ovarectomy were given either ___ ____ ___, or ___ ___ _____, animals given AOA displayed significantly ____ maternal behaviour only in the first 2 hours of pup contact. Moreover, if oxytocin was given with AOA, it brought back maternal behaviour within the first ___ hours of pup contact. AVA also significantly decreased the ____ of maternal behaviour up until the first ___ hours of pup contact. This suggests that ___ oxytocin may mediate the _____ of rodent maternal behaviour but not ____ during the postpartum period

A

anti-oxytocin antiserum, anti-vasopressin antiserum, less, 2, onset, 6, central, induction, maintenence

33
Q

Pregnant women in the second half of pregnancy who showed high ___ ____, showed a gradual increase in ___ ratio, while women who showed low attachment showed a gradual _____ in the ratio. However, there was no difference in the ratio near ____ or during the first ___ days. This is evidence that ___ and ___ profiles during pregnancy can influence human maternal attachment

A

maternal attachment, E;P, decrease, parturition, postpartum, estrogen, progesterone

34
Q

During the postpartum period, ___ and ____ levels are elevated. These are necessary for ____, and oxytocin promotes maternal care such as ____ ___, maternal-fetal attachment, heightened ___ ____, ___ and ____, as well as ____ ____

A

oxytocin, prolactin, lactation, affectionate contact, social gaze, salience, synchrony, maternal sensitivity

35
Q

Only ____% of mammals exhibit _____ structure, and it is associated with ___ mating systems.

A

3-5, biparental, monogamous

36
Q

when different hormonal profiles support paternal vs maternal care

A

sexual convergence

37
Q

___ is critical for parental behaviour in California mice, however, this is not true in most mammals where T ___ to mediate paternal behaviour.

A

testosterone, drops

38
Q

vasopressin brain infusions into the ____ ____ facilitates paternal responsiveness in ___, ____ ___ ____. Simultaneously, you also see a decreased _____ ____ ________likely driven by an increase in AVP release

A

lateral septum, virgin, male prairie voles, vasopressin immunoreactive cells

39
Q

brain areas associated with paternal care are the ___, brain area associated with pup directed avoidance and aggression is the ___ and ____

A

MPOA, BNST, MeA

40
Q

____ _____ to the medial preoptic area greatly disrupts maternal behaviour such as ___, ___ and _____ of pups. It did not decrease other non maternal behaviours such as ______ and ____ the air. Moreover, both ___ and cycling _____ animals with MPOA lesions exhibited a significant reduction in ____ rate for pup reinforcement. _____ lesions to the MPOA also disrupts maternal behaviour.

A

electolytic lesions, licking, nesting, retrieval, grooming, sniffing, postpartum, multiparious, bar-press, excitotoxic

41
Q

Direct _____ stimulation via infusions of ___, ___, ___ or _____ into the MPOA of __ ____ also facilitates maternal responsiveness

A

hormonal, estrogen, oxytocin, prolactin, dopamine, virgin females

42
Q

maternal circuitry also requires ___ ___ of multiple hormones, neuropeptides and ____ in a broad range of brain regions. ____ information, ___, ____, ____/____, and _____ are all involved

A

coordinated signalling, neurotransmitter, sensory, reward, salience, avoidance/approach, emotion

43
Q

In positive recognition, ___ information (infant stimuli) , is integrated by neurons in the ____. MPOA innervation of the ___ either directly or indirectly (through ____) mediate maternal ____. This occurs by partly by the VTA inhibiting the _____, which disinhibits the ____ ___, an area responsible for processing and executing motivated behaviours.

A

multisensory, MPOA, NAcc, VTA, responsiveness, NAcc, Ventral pallidum

44
Q

the positive recognition is also driven by the motivational circuit which is modulated by the ___ ___ of the hypothalamus, the ___ ___, and serotonergic inputs from the ___ ___ ___.

A

paraventricular nucleus, lateral habenula, dorsal raphe nucleus

45
Q

MPOA innervation of the ____ ___ and ___ __ mediate motor aspects of parenting

A

periaqueductal gray, reticular formation

46
Q

The mPOA also inhibits circuits that drive _____ ___

A

infant-directed aggression

47
Q

negative recognition starts when sensory information is processed by the __ ___ and the _____. Then, it is likely through the _____ ____ that this drives infant-directed aggression. The MeA and BNST inhibits the ___, suppressing approach and interaction.

A

medial amygdala, BNST, ventromedial hypothalamus, MPOA

48
Q

when whole brain imaging is used with ____, parental female mice have a high level of activation in the ____, and ____ males show more neuronal activation in the ___ hypothalamus, MeA and ____

A

c-fos, MPOA, infanticidal, posterior, cortex

49
Q
A