Journal Club L5 Flashcards

1
Q

There is strong evidence of ____ _____ brains in animals. For example, the _____ volume is greater in females, there are more _____, _____ and ___ neurons in the area in females. The ____ contains more dendritic spines in males. the ______, ____ and _____ volume is greater in males.

A

sexually dimorphic, AVPV, kisspeptin, dopamine, glutamate/GABA, POA, SDN-POA, CALB-SDN, BNSTp

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2
Q

There is ___ evidence for notable, consistent sex differences in the human brain. The research is limited to use of ____ scans, which informs us of brain ____ and not _____.

A

little, MRI, structure, function

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3
Q

While the critical window of sexual differentiation involves two peaks, it seems like ___ surge ____ or ____ is sufficient to drive masculinization / defeminization.

A

one, neonatally, prenatally

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4
Q

Williams et al observed that there is a general consensus that males outperform females on tasks that require ____ skills. However, these differences might be due to other factors like females being more ____, or being less motivated and ___ ___ for the food reward used, or that they use different _____ that are not captured in behavioural assays

A

spatial, explorative, goal oriented, strategies

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5
Q

The researchers wanted to know whether males and females use different ____ or ___ ___ to solve memory tasks, and if these sex differences exist, if they originate from ____ exposure to ____

A

strategies, memory systems, perinatal, estradiol

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6
Q

The researchers used a _____ _____ design. N=8 rats were GDX at ____ and given a ____ operation at P45. N=11 male rats were given a ___ operation at birth and then gonadectomized at P45. N=9 female rats were given ___ug of EB in oil at birth and then gonadectomized at P45. N=12 female rats were given ____ injections from birth then gonadectomized at P45. Behaviour was measured at ____. The last group of females was used as a ____ for normative female development until adulthood. The N=11 male rats were a control for normative male development until ___.

A

between subjects, birth, sham, sham, 10, oil, 70, control, adulthood

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7
Q

A radial arm maze was used, and __ out of 12 arms were consistently baited. Entry into the ____ arms was considered an error. for an animal to retrieve all the food rewards, they must have had ____ ____, a memory of where the rewards were based on extramaze cues, and ___ ____ a memory of which arms have already been visited

A

8, unbaited, reference memory, working memory

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8
Q

the rats could use two strategies to guide their behaviour: the use of ____ cues to guide behaviour, or the use of ____ spatial cues to guide behaviour

A

extramaze, intramaze

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9
Q

In experiment 1, the castrated male rats and ___ injected females made more ___ __ and __ ___ errors, and had less working memory ____ than male controls and female rats given ___. The second group also had a greater ___ ____, however this was not the cause of the differences in the spatial task

A

oil, working memory, reference memory, capacity, EB, turning bias

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10
Q

In the second experiment, the _____ of the maze was either altered or unaltered and the landmarks were either ____, ____, or ____.

A

geometry, unaltered, randomized, removed

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11
Q

the results of the second experiment showed that when geometry was not altered, _____ males and female controls made less errors if the landmarks were _____ or ___ but made more errors when the landmarks were ____. For male controls and EB treated females, their errors were consistently ___ no matter what how the landmarks were placed. If the geometry was altered, oil females and control males only made errors if the landmarks were ____ or _____. The EB and control males made ____ no matter what the landmarks were.

A

castrated, unaltered, removed, randomized, low, randomized, removed, errors

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12
Q

It was also found in exp 1 that none of the groups use ___ or ___ cues more than the other through a ____ test

A

intramaze, extramaze, rotation

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13
Q

In experiment 3, a ___ min delay was used to see if male type brains have better ___ ___ than female type brains. It was found that rats with female type brains perform ___ than rats with male type brains

A

15, memory capacity, better

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14
Q

The results of experiment 1 suggest that exposure to ___ ____ neonatally facilitated ___ and ____ ____. Exp. 2 showed that rats with neonatal hormones solve spatial problems by selecting a ___ aspect of the environment, while rats with no neonatal hormones use __ or more features from different dimensions. It could be that the greater number of features used results in a greater time required to learn the appropriate ____. Exp.3 showed that delays may interrupt a previous ___ ____ ____

A

gonadal hormones, working, reference memory, single, 2, associations, well-established response strategy

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