L10/11 Flashcards
State of disharmony or of threatened homeostasis
stress
Stressors can be ___, ____ or _____. They can be a ___ threat, or a ____ threat to homeostasis.
physiological, environmental, psychological, real, perceived
When under stress, ____ ___ becomes prioritized towards returning the body to homeostatic ___. Systems non-essential to ____ ___ are inhibited, which depends on the stressor. Some example systems are those for ____, _____, ___ function, and ____ cognition. if homeostatic disturbances require more energy than is readily available, survival becomes ____
energy use, steady-state, immediate survival, growth, reproduction, immune, higher-order, compromised
Systems involved in mediating stressors are _____, _____ / _____ neurotransmitters, _____ and _____ hormones. These operate as a ____, interactive network that can either ____ or _____ one another. The activity of these endocrine, nervous, and immune systems are influenced by an individual’s ____ and ____ makeup, developmental _____, social factors, and ____ state.
glucocorticoids, sympathetic, parasympathetic, cytokines, metabolic, nonlinear, up-regulate, down-regulate, psychological genetic, history, behavioural
a suite of physiological and behavioural responses that help to re-establish homeostasis
stress response
the core stress response is relatively ______ (ie. many stressors elicit the same stress response). However, the ___ and ___ of the stress response and it’s ____ effects can vary.
nonspecific, pattern, magnitude, long-term
the stress response is modulated by multiple mediators such as ____, DA, 5-HT, ____, ______, orexin, ____, corticosteroids, neurosteroids, and _____.
NE, CRH, vasopressin, dynorphin, urocortins
The components that govern the stress response are influenced by the ___, ___ and ___ of the stressor, as well as the ___, ___, _____ background, and ___ of the individual
duration, type, context, age, sex, genetic, gender
the _________ system involves ____ from the adrenal medulla. This system is ____, _____, short-term, involves a ____ response, and is _____. It results in increased gluconeogenesis, _____, _____, heart rate, and decreased ___ and ____ secretions
sympathetic-adrenal-medullary, epinephrine, immediate, fast-acting, fight-or-flight, nonspecific, glycogenolysis, vasoconstriction, digestion, gastrointestinal
The ____ axis involves ____ released from the adrenal cortex, is ____, ____ and is designed to ___ with the stressor. Activation results in decreased ____, ___, ___ and ____, and increased HPA _____ _____, and ____
HPA, glucocorticoids, slow acting, long-term, cope, digestion, immunity, growth, reproduction, negative feedback, neuroplasticity
The locus coeruleus is a ____ ____ nucleus that is the primary source of ___ in the brain. This NT can be released into the cortex as well, where it may exhibit higher order _____, as well as the ____
small brainstem, norepinephrine, cognition, periphery
The LC and the ___ ____ activate the _____ _____ in the spinal cord.
lateral hypothalamus, preganglionic fibers
The nerve pathway involves the _____ outputs from the preganglionic fibers to the ____ receptors on the peripheral nerves in the ____ ____, which release _____ from their postganglionic fibers onto the target organs such as ___ ___, cardiac muscle, and glands.
acetylcholine, N2, proximal ganglia, norepinephrine, smooth muscle
The hormone pathway involves the release of ___ from the preganglionic fibers to the ____ ____ chromaffin cells, which in turn release ______ / _____ into the blood, to reach ___ and ___ receptors on target organs
acetylcholine, adrenal medulla, norepinephrine, epinephrine, beta, alpha
to summarize the hormone and nerve pathways, acetylcholine makes the adrenal medulla release ____ into the bloodstream, while ___ ___ release synaptic norepinephrine
epinephrine, postganglionic fibers
Catecholamines like ___ and ____ are involved in fight, flight and freeze response
adrenaline, noradrenaline
Epinephrine and norepinephrine are involved in the immediate, ____ response. Release results in increased __ ___, ___ __, breathing rate, ____ ___, and metabolic rate. It also leads to changes in blood flow patterns which promote increased ___ and decreased _____ system activity
short term, heart rate, blood pressure, blood glucose, alertness, digestive
It was found in a study that there was a steady increase of ____ leading up to a phD defence, a transient peak on the day of, and a return to baseline __ days after
epinephrine, 4
The ___ neurons of the hypothalamus release ____ and _____, which triggers transcription of the ___ gene in the anterior pituitary. ____ ____ cleaves the gene into _______, which travels to the adrenal cortex to produce _____ and _____.
PVN, CRH, AVP, POMC, prohormone convertase, ACTH, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids
____ takes logner to peak in blood than ACTH after a stressor
cortisol
Glucocorticoids include ___ and ____. Rodents do not have cortisol
cortisol, corticosterone
___ is an example of a mineralocorticoid
aldosterone
When ACTH binds to the ______ receptor, adenylyl cyclase, cAMP, and protein kinase A all ______. This increases ____ uptake, the number of ____ _____ _____ receptors such as scavenger receptor B1, production of _____ lipase, and ______. It also stimulates transcription of the cholesterol side chain ____ _____, and upregulates ________ enzyme, which shifts steroidogenesis pathway towards glucocorticoid production
melanocortin 2, increase, cholesterol, membrane high-density lipoprotein, hormone-sensitive, star, cleavage enzyme, 3beta-HSD
catalyzes conversion of cholesterol ester to cholesterol
hormone-sensitive lipase
transports cholesterol to mitochondria
star
the mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors are widely distributed in the ____ and ___. They can be ____ or ______, the latter taking longer due to gene transcription. ____ have higher affinity for glucocorticoids than _____.
CNS, periphery, membrane-bound, cytosolic, MRs, GRs