L18

Question 1

Meso refers to the midbrain ____ nuclei and the ____

Answer 1

dopaminergic, VTA

Question 2

Cortico refers to the ____ and the ____

Answer 2

PFC, OFC

Question 3

limbic system mainly refers to the ___ and ____, residing mainly below the __ ___ __

Answer 3

amygdala, striatum, medial temporal lobe

Question 4

Executive function involves mentally playing with ___, taking the time to ___ before acting, meeting ___ and ___ challenges, resisting ____, and staying ___,

Answer 4

ideas, think, novel unanticipated, temptation, focused

Question 5

the core domains of executive function include response ____, ____ control, ______ ____, and cognitive ____

Answer 5

inhibition, interference, working memory, flexibility

Question 6

___ and ____ display the most robust androgen receptor binding affinity

Answer 6

testosterone, DHT

Question 7

There is robust distribution of androgens in the ___, ___, ___ and ____.

Answer 7

VTA, NAcc, mPFC, OFC

Question 8

Androgens bind to ____ ___ to exert genomic effects. They may also be locally ____ to _____ and act on ERs to exert genomic effects. They can also modulate other NT systems, such as changing ___ signalling. Androgen binding to ____ ____ ERs or ARs can also exert ____, non-genomic action. They may also act as __ ____ for other NT receptors, exerting ____ modulation of receptors like ____.

Answer 8

intracellular ARs, metabolized, E2, dopamine, membrane bound, rapid, allosteric modulators, rapid, GABA-A

Question 9

Welker and Carre, 2015, found that undergraduate men who were given ___ puzzles to solve, had a positive correlation between ____ spent on them and baseline _____

Answer 9

impossible, time, testosterone

Question 10

Hauger et al., 2020, used those who were either ___ or non-dependent on __ ___, in comparison to ______ controls. They found that those using AAS were better in ___ ___ and ___ ____, but were lower in __ ___ and ____.

Answer 10

dependent, anabolic steroids, weightlifter, problem solving, working memory, mental flexibility, inhibition

Question 11

The types of behavioural flexibility include ____ learning, __ ____ shifting, and ___ ___ shifting

Answer 11

reversal, strategy set, attentional set

Question 12

It was found that those given testosterone took ___ to display reversal learning, ______ __ ____, and ____ ___ ____. This was despite the fact that ___ was unaffected for the first two.

Answer 12

longer, strategy set shifting, attentional set shifting, acquisition

Question 13

Haluk and Floresco 2009 found that a __ ___ ___ infused into the VTA increased _____ on ___ ___ or strategy set shifting

Answer 13

D2 receptor agonist, perseveration, reversal learning

Question 14

Wallin-miller et al. 2016, castrated animals in ____, and found decreased __ ___ in the ___ _____ following chronic (__ weeks) of a high dose ___ treatment. This was correlated with ___ ___ and ___.

Answer 14

adolescence, spine density, nucleus accumbens, 8, T, less input, LTP

Question 15

Pasqualini et al., 1995 found that giving _____ female rats ___ into the NAcc increased DA in ____ from the striatum, decreased DA ____ __ ____, increased DA ____, and decreased ____ binding

Answer 15

ovarectomized, estrogen, dialysate, reuptake transport density, synthesis, D2R

Question 16

Frye, 2007, found that ______ treatment causes stronger ____ ____ ____. ____ added to this treatment causes the same result. this treatment and _____ causes a baseline place preference. This treatment and _____ causes again, strong place preference. However, ______ only causes baseline preference. In conclusion, it is ____ that are acting on GABA receptors specifically to produce this effect

Answer 16

3-alpha-androstandiol, conditioned place preference, flutamide, bicuculline, muscimol, muscimol, androgens

Question 17

a positive allosteric modulator of GABA-A receptors

Answer 17

3-alpha-androstanediol

Question 18

Endogenous neurosteroids strongly ___ the inhibitory tone of ___

Answer 18

enhance, GABA

Question 19

A GABA-A receptor antagonist

Answer 19

bicuculline

Question 20

GABA-A receptor agonist

Answer 20

muscimol

Question 21

Floresco et al, 2006, found that a D2 ___ and ___ agonist treatment in the mPFC increased _____ on strategy set shifting

Answer 21

antagonist, D4, preservation

Question 22

Adler et al. 1999 found that gonadectomy decreases _______ concentrations in the cortex, due to decreased DA in the ____. However this is ___ ___ and it eventually increases over time. Moreover, they found that the effects of gonadectomy are sensitive to ___ treatment

Answer 22

thyroid hormone, terminals, short term, testosterone

Question 23

Aubele & Fritzer, 2011, found that gonadectomy ____ basal DA release in the ____ in the short term, but increases it over time. Moreover, the effects of gonadectomy were sensitive to ___ treatment but not ___

Answer 23

decreases, cortex, testosterone, estradiol

Question 24

Locklear et al., 2017 found that castration increases __ ___ in the VTA and ___, an effect that can be reversed by ____ treatment but not estradiol

Answer 24

burst firing, mPFC, testosterone

Question 25

Munestuna et al., 2009 found that ___ ____ stimulates androgen and ___ synthesis in the gonads. This study tested the effect of retinol on ____ brain slices. Application on these slices resulted in increased ____, ___, (enzymes that synthesize E2 and T respectively) ___ and ____ (cellular retinoid binding protein. Incubation with retinoic acid results in increased __ and ___

Answer 25

retinoic acid, estrogen, hippocampal, P45017a, P45-arom, ER-beta, CRBP-2, estradiol, testosterone

Question 26

Tobiansky et al., 2018 measured testosterone in the blood and _____ brain regions with ___ ____ ____ ______ in controls or gonadectomized animals. They found that gonadectomy produces no testosterone in ____, but still showed it in the ___, __ and ____, showing that the steroids were produced locally in the brain

Answer 26

mesolimbic, mass spec tandem HPLC, blood, VTA, mPFC, NAcc

Question 27

In an experiment __ ___ was given to male rats to block ___ which synthesizes androgens. Sham and gonadectomized animals given this _____, increased ____ ____, and this was due to androgens in the __ not blood

Answer 27

abiraterone acetate, BYP17A1, systemically, cognitive flexibility, brain

Question 28

____ ____ Americans have used AAS’s. Correlational studies have shown associations between AAS use and many high risk behaviours such as driving while ___, ____ violence, unsafe sex and __ use, not wearing ___ or ___, etc.

Answer 28

3 million, intoxicated, physical, drug, helmets, seatbelts

Question 29

Shanton et al. 2011, found that participants on the ____, typically chose the low risk decks over ____. For both men and women, ___ baseline testosterone correlated with ____ choice of optimal decks

Answer 29

IGT, time, lower, more

Question 30

In a case study of patients with ___ damage performing a ____ task, it was found that the patients were aware of making the ___ decision, but they couldn’t seem to fix this mistake. Moreover, their ___ ___ and ___ were normal. However, their ___ ___ and ___ ___ was specifically impaired

Answer 30

OFC, reversal, wrong, working memory, IQ, impulse control, decision making

Question 31

Zeb and Winstanely 2002, found that ___ lesions impaired the learning of optimal strategies in the ___ __ ____

Answer 31

OFC, rat gambling task

Question 32

The role of ___ signalling in the OFC in risk reward decision making has not been studied

Answer 32

androgen

Question 33

Rogers 1972, used a __ ___ ____ where grains were spread out on an arena with colourful pebbles that resembled food, where chickens could ___ at multiple sites. _____ was measured. It was found that females were more _____ than males. _____ males or those given ____, showed the same result as females. Castrated males given ____ showed male typical ____ flexibility

Answer 33

behavioural flexibility task, forage, perseverence, flexible, castrated, anti-androgen, testosterone, lower