15 Lebanon Civil War

Question 1

What was Lebanon like in the 1960s?

Answer 1

The Paris of the Middle East

Question 2

How are Lebanon’s religions spread out?

Answer 2

The most religiously-diverse country in ME/NA

Question 3

When did Lebanon gain independence from France?

Answer 3

1943

Question 4

When was the Lebanon Civil War?

Answer 4

1975-1990

Question 5

When did the League of Nations give France the mandate for Lebanon?

Answer 5

1920s

Question 6

How many religious groups are there in Lebanon?

Answer 6

18

Question 7

What was the population of Lebanon in 1932?

Answer 7

800,000

Question 8

What was the religious make-up in 1932?

Answer 8

28% Maronite Christians
22% Sunni
20% Shia

Question 9

What was the 1943 National Pact?

Answer 9

Pres. = Maronite
PM = Sunni
Speaker = Shia

Question 10

What happened in 1948?

Answer 10

Israel created and opposed by Arabs

Question 11

What did the first war do to Lebanon?

Answer 11

270k Palestinians ended up on Jordan’s West Bank
190k = Egypt Gaza Strip
100k to Lebanon

Question 12

What did the Arab League do in 1964?

Answer 12

Met to represent the interests of the Palestinians.

Question 13

What was formed?

Answer 13

The Palestinian Liberation Oranization.

Question 14

What was the PLO’s mission?

Answer 14

Liberate Palestine through armed struggle.

Question 15

What was the armed wing of the PLO?

Answer 15

The Palestinian Liberation Army.

Question 16

What were the PLA tactics?

Answer 16

Guerilla tactics including soft targets like schools.

Question 17

What happened in the 1967 6-day war?

Answer 17

300,000 more Palestinian refugees were created.

Question 18

Who were they?

Answer 18

Many were refugees from the 1948 war that had settled on the West Bank of Jordan.

Question 19

How did this create a problem in Lebanon?

Answer 19

Most of the refugees they received were Muslims.

Question 20

What else?

Answer 20

The PLO began launching attacks on Israel from Lebanon.

Question 21

What happened in the 1970s?

Answer 21

There was a worldwide increase in terrorism.

Patty Hearst, Weather Underground, Red Brigade (Italy)

Question 22

In 1970, how many Palestinians lived in Jordan?

Answer 22

500,000

out of 3 million

Question 23

Who were the Fedayeen?

Answer 23

It was a term referring to any terrorist group.

Question 24

What did the Jordanian Fedayeen do?

Answer 24

Attempted to overthrow King Hussein in Jordan.

Question 25

Who were the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP)?

Answer 25

A Marxinst-Leninist branch of the PLO

Question 26

What did the PFLP do in 1970?

Answer 26

HIjacked 4 airplanes, 3 bound for New York, forcing them to land in Jordan

Question 27

What did they do?

Answer 27

They blew up the airplanes after they were evacuated.

Question 28

Whay did King Hussein do?

Answer 28

Called for Martial Law and dismissed the civilian government

Question 29

Then what?

Answer 29

The military rooted out the PLO and expelled them.

Question 30

Where did the Fedayeen re-settle?

Answer 30

Lebanon

Question 31

What was created out of this?

Answer 31

Black September terrorist group

Question 32

What did they do?

Answer 32

Targeted Jordan government and massacred Israeli athletes at the 1972 Munich Olympics

Question 33

Who were the **Falangists**? | **phalanx** = a military group in close formation

Answer 33

Maronite Christian paramilitary organization

Question 34

How did the Falangists start the Civil War in April 1975?

Answer 34

They attacked a busload of Palestinians and killed 27.

Question 35

How did the PLO respond?

Answer 35

Violently in Beirut

Question 36

Who joined the PLO?

Answer 36

Pan-Arab and Muslim groups

Question 37

How many had died by 1976?

Answer 37

50,000

Question 38

Where did the PLO stand in 1976?

Answer 38

They had gained control of 80% of the country.

Question 39

Who did the Maronites turn to?

Answer 39

Syria

Question 40

How did al-Assad respond?

Answer 40

He was happy to help. He was anti-Israeli but also did not trust the PLO.

Question 41

What did Syria do?

Answer 41

Sent troops which gave stability until 1982.

Question 42

What happened in 1982?

Answer 42

Israel invaded to try to stop PLO attacks from Lebanon.

Question 43

How far did they get?

Answer 43

Beirut

Question 44

How did America respond?

Answer 44

They led a multi-national group which negotiated the PLO leaving Lebanon

Question 45

Where did they move to?

Answer 45

Tunis.

Question 46

What did America do next?

Answer 46

American troops were withdrawn.

Question 47

What did this lead to?

Answer 47

3,500 Palestinians & Lebanese Shia were massacred by Maronite Catholics | including women and children

Question 48

What did the Isaraeli forces do?

Answer 48

Stood by and did nothing and blocking exits.

Question 49

In 1983, what did the UN conclude?

Answer 49

That this was a genocide and Israel was responsible.

Question 50

Who personally was held responsible?

Answer 50

Israeli Defense Minister Ariel Sharon

Question 51

What happened to him?

Answer 51

He was forced to resign but was later elected Prime Minister.

Question 52

What did the rest of the world do?

Answer 52

The US-led international force returned.

Question 53

What happened in April 1983

Answer 53

The US Embassy in Beirut was bombed, killing 64.

Question 54

What was unique about the bombing?

Answer 54

It was one of the first suicide bombings in the region.

Question 55

What did the PLO do 6 months later?

Answer 55

Housing for US and French peacekeepers was bombed, killing 307 people.

Question 56

Who claimed responsibility?

Answer 56

A Lebanese Shia group called **Islamic Jihad**.

Question 57

Who likely financed the Islamic Jihad?

Answer 57

Iran

Question 58

What did the Islamic Jihad do next?

Answer 58

Kidnappings, including journalist **Terry Anderson** And Irishman **Terry Waite** who had gone there to negotiate Anderson's release.

Question 59

What other groups emerged?

Answer 59

Miltant Shia groups financed by Iran.

Question 60

Which was the most famous of these groups?

Answer 60

Hezbollah | Hezbollah = Party of God

Question 61

Why was Iran involved?

Answer 61

The new theocratic regime.

Question 62

What happened by 1988?

Answer 62

Internal groups were weakened and peace talks began

Question 63

What was included?

Answer 63

Syria was allowed involvement in Lebanon's political affairs.

Question 64

When did the war end?

Answer 64

1990

Question 65

When did Syria leave?

Answer 65

in 2005

Question 66

What immigrants does Lebanon host today?

Answer 66

1 million from the later Syrian Civil War