Equine dentistry Flashcards

1
Q

Normal anatomy

A

incisors
canines
wolf teeth (vestigial 1st premolar)
cheek teeth

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2
Q

equine adaptions

A

interdental space
limited rostrocaudal movement of temporomandibular space (TMJ)
increased lateral movement of TMJ
TMJ allows occlusal contact of all cheek teeth simultaneously
well developed masticatory musculature
adapted for constant grinding - hypsodont, irregular enamel edges

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3
Q

mastication

A

opening, closing, power strokes

tongue moves food around mouth

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4
Q

Triadan system of dental nomenclature*

A

1/2/3/401-11 from right to left, top to bottom

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5
Q

ages of eruption of equine teeth*

A

see table in notes

molars later than incisors

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6
Q

development of cheek tooth

A

maxillary wider than mandibular arcade

occlusal surface at 10-15 degrees

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7
Q

normal cheek teeth anatomy*

A

cementum - attaches to periodontal ligament
dentine - bulk of tooth, tubular structure
enamel - hardest tissue, laminated sheets
pulp - blood + nerve supply to tooth
infundibulum - infolding of enamel from occlusal surface

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8
Q

dental exam

A

distant observation
external exam - condition score
head exam - symmetry, LNs, discharge, pain
oral exam - incisors malocclusion, interdental space, cheek teeth

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9
Q

oral exam

A

restraint
head support
illumination

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10
Q

additional diagnostic aids

A
mirror
probes/picks
oral endoscopy
radiography
scintigraphy
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11
Q

effect of enamel overgrowth

A
prevent jaws from moving freely
cause pain, quidding + weight loss
biting problems
headshaking
shear mouth
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12
Q

Shear mouth

A

occur over long time

mouth may remodel to compensate

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13
Q

Shear mouth - treatment

A

reduce buccal and lingual points
reduce angle
regular treatments every 3-6 months
address any underlying pathology

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14
Q

rasping blades

A

carbide chip - cheap

solid tungsten carbide blades - better

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15
Q

routine rasping - 4 types

A

straight head, long length
obtuse angled head, long length
angled offset head, medium length
5 float

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16
Q

power tools

A

remove hooks quickly

care palatine artery

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17
Q

Retained deciduous premolars (‘caps’)

A

shed at 2.5, 3 + 4 years

if retained - anorexia, poor performance, malocclusion

18
Q

rostral + caudal overgrowths

A

106, 206, 311, 411

usually with rostral displacement of maxillary arcade

19
Q

focal overgrowth - causes

A

diastema
displaced teeth
lost teeth
fractured teeth

20
Q

removal of overgrowths

A

care - pulp exposure, heat production

overgrowth have less occlusal contact, less secondary dentine, therefore increased risk of pulp exposure

21
Q

pulp exposure

A

identify by probing 2ndary dentine overlying pulp horns
can be a cause + consequence of apical tooth infections
can be from over rasping

22
Q

infundibular caries

A

can lead to septic pulpitis
80% of horses > 15 yrs old are affected
usually benign
can cause sagittal fracture of the tooth

23
Q

peridontal disease

A

primary is rare - caused by diastemata
v.painful
increased incidence with age
begins with gingivitis with a pocket formation - debris get stuck and bacteria build up

24
Q

diastemata

A

often normal in aged horses

food trapped between teeth + compacted

25
Q

diastemata - treatment

A

monitor, widen, extraction

more short foods

26
Q

removal of impacted food

A

long handled dental
high pressure water or air picks
transient improvement only

27
Q

displaced cheek teeth - developmental

A

overcrowded arcades during eruption

often bilateral

28
Q

displaced cheek teeth - acquired

A

more common

usually lower 10s and 11s

29
Q

cheek teeth fractures

A

can be secondary to severe infundibulur caries
can lead to septic pulpitis
can cause acquired overgrowths

30
Q

mandibular apical tooth infections

A

most common in young horses
asymmetrical jaw swelling
oral involvement
diagnosis easy with radiography

31
Q

Maxillary apical tooth infections - aetiology

A

infundibular caries
pulp exposure - premature or after fracture
periodontal fistulation

32
Q

oral endoscopy

A

close up of back of mouth
rigid or fibre optic scope
expensive

33
Q

dental radiography

A

low sensitivity, high specificity

34
Q

gamma scintigraphy

A

shows mineralised and non-mineralised tissue
sensitive but only mild specificity
non invasive
images whole head simultaneously

35
Q

computed tomography (CT)

A

rotating x-ray tube

advantages - windowing

36
Q

radiographic signs - apical tooth root infections

A

periapical sclerosis

periapical halo

37
Q

apical tooth infections - treatment

A

antibiotics
currettage (surgical instrument)
tooth removal

38
Q

oral extraction procedure

A
sedation
local blocks
separation
placement
grip
patience
39
Q

wolf teeth

A

no deciduous precursors
erupt at 1 year of age
many lost
can be displaced

40
Q

wolf teeth - extraction

A

can involve extensive elevation of tooth
can cause injury if inexperienced
tetanus vaccine