Principles of wound management Flashcards

1
Q

aims of wound management

A

achieve a healed wound
minimise scar function
preserve function
prevent infection

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2
Q

wound management steps

A
initial management
assessment of patient
assessment of wound
manage open wound
closure of wound
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3
Q

initial management

A

wound should be covered to prevent contamination + trauma + help haemostasis - dry gauze, linen or sterile dressing
tourniquet rarely needed + can cause trauma
support fractures to reduce pain, prevent soft tissue injury + reduce contamination of deeper tissue from movement of fracture fragments in open fractures

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4
Q

assessment of the patient

A
airways, breathing + circulation followed by PE
general health + history should be taken
aetiology of wound + treatment
BCS
appropriate analgesia
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5
Q

assessment of the wound

A

aetiology, location, nature, extent + degree of contamination
rest of affected region exam
thorax wound - integrity of pleural + peritoneal space established
limb wound - bone, joint + neuro damage

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6
Q

wound contamination, infection + aseptic technique

A

all traumatic wounds dirty/contaminated
most contaminants in wounds are from hospital - strict aseptic technique needed
sample after debridement + lavage
antibiotics can be prophylactic or therapuetic but not neeeded once granulation tissue is formed - resistant to infection

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7
Q

“golden period”

A

6 hours after injury a contaminated wound may be cleaned + closed primarily without development of infection

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8
Q

definitive wound management

A

protect wound from desiccation + contamination
preparation + clipping
debridement of necrotic tissue
removal of foreign material + contaminants - lavage
provision of adequate wound drainage
promotion of viable vascular bed
selection of appropriate method closure

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9
Q

prevention of further wound conamination

A

on admission wound protected from further contamination, trauma or drying by dressing
saline-soaked swabs good for debridement
antibiotics/antiseptics can be added to the dressing but these are questionable
animals should be sedated/anaesthetised for adequate wound preperation
in concious animal, local or regional anaesthetic techniques can be used

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10
Q

wound protection

A

wound protected with KY jelly or slain swabs

if animal is v.dirty animal may be bathed

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11
Q

tissue handling

A

shouldn’t be handles atraumatically
shouldn’t probe wound before preperation
shouldn’t replace bone fragments into wound

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12
Q

clipping of the hair

A

should begin at wound margins + move towards periphery

clip generous margin around wound to allow for exploration

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13
Q

surgical preperation

A

KY jelly/swabs replaced to cover wound + skin around wound prepared aseptically
antiseptic kept out of the wound

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14
Q

debridement - define

A

removal of necrotic tissue from a wound

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15
Q

debridement

A

all necrotic tissue should be removed
*inadequate debridement is most common cause of delayed wound healing
done with scalpel, adherent dressings, hydrogel dressings + enzymes
scalpel used most commonly - initial phases
dressing used for 1st few days
enzymes not used often - good for pocket wounds
avoid use of diathermy, ligating large pedicles + excessive retraction or dissection

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16
Q

debridement - skin + subcutis

A

excise liberally, back to bleeding tissue

preserve vessels

17
Q

debridement - fat + facia

A

excise liberally

18
Q

debridement - muscle

A

excise but preserve function

19
Q

debridement - tendon/ligament

A

staged debridement
preserve function
anastomosis

20
Q

debridement - nerves + vessels

A

preserve if possible

ligate damaged vessels

21
Q

debridement - bone

A

preserve if vascularised

remove if unattached + small

22
Q

debridement - joints

A

lavage + remove small loose fragments

close if possible

23
Q

tissue viability

A

colour, warmth, sensation, bleeding
complex measurement - doppler ultrasound, transcutaneous pO2, flourescein injection
may change for better or worse over 1st 5 day

24
Q

layered debridement

A

beginning at wound margins + progressing deeper into the wound
allows each layer to be assessed serperately

25
en bloc debridement
complete excision of wound with no entry to the wound wound may be closed/packed with swabs simple technique with gives clean wound which can be closed primarily removes more tissue + results in larger wound + may be damage to surrounding vital tissue
26
lavage - aims
remove foreign material + keep tissue hydrated necrotic tissue, debris + micro-organisms promote infection + delay healing can be couple with debridement
27
lavage
simple + cheap apparatus for lavage in 18 gauge needle attached to 20ml syringe + bag of fluid via giving set + 3-way tap wound edges elevated to examine deeper fascial planes asses wound infection generally performed daily after changing wound dressings antibiotics/antiseptics can be given
28
establish drainage
fluid in wound impairs immune response, incr bacterial growth + decr blood supply open wounds drain best when closing a wound allow drainage - leave part of wound open, fenestration of part of skin surface, use phsiologic/synthetic implant
29
promote development of a viable vascular bed
debridement, drainage + protect from trauma + contamination ideally circulation can support granulation tissue formation exposed area of bone denuded of periosteum may not - drill small holes into cancellous bone to promote coverage of cortical bone by using muscle flap to cover bone
30
reasons for closing a wound
``` can convert to clean wound no tension not crush wound not infected granulating wound won't heal by 2nd intention ```
31
reasons for not closing a wound
puncture wound can't debride + lavage infected tension on closure
32
primary closure
direct apposition of skin edges clean/clean-contaminated wounds restores normal function quick needs general anaesthesia + leads to problems if used inappropriately
33
delayed primary closure
apposition of skin edges 2-5 days after injury wound covered with sterile dressing contaminated wounds decr infection used when contamination can't be removed, judgement of tissue viability, definitive debridement cant't be done initially
34
secondary closure
closure in presence of granulation tissue can be combined with reconstructive techniques to avoid tension for superficial contamination, invasive infection + wounds closed by primary that get infected 5-10 days after injury direct apposition of granulating surfaces or excision of granulation tissue + primary close excision of granulation tissue may decr infection + better cosmetics but takes longer + is more traumatic healing is rapid after closure as wound is already in prolifererative phase of healing delay in closure + decr tissue pliability may make closure difficult
35
second intention healing
healing by contraction + epithelialisation contraction normally successful in small animals due to abundant, elastic skin generally reserved for dirty wounds which can't be closed by other techniques large defects - not enough skin to closure so left to heal laxity in adjacent skin + tension assessed
36
disadvantages of second intention healing
expensive in many bandage changes, hospital visits + medications healing is prolonged healing be not complete - chronic non-healing cosmetic result is relatively poor recurrent wound breakdown may occur if fragile epithelium present over large area recurrent wound breakdown may occur if fragile epithelium present over large area stenosis/impairment of function or orifices may occur with adjacent wounds decr range of motion of limb may occur with wounds near joints