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Bacteriology > Spirochetes > Flashcards

Spirochetes Flashcards

1
Q

Are spirochetes zoonotic?

A

yes - many can cause zoonotic infections

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2
Q

Are spirochetes intracellular or extracellular pathogens?

A

extracellular

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3
Q

Describe the general shape of spirochetes

A

spiral with endoflagella (motile)
gram negative

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4
Q

Oxygen requirements of leptospira

A

aerobic

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5
Q

How many periplasmic flagella do leptospira have?

A

2

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6
Q

How many periplasmic flagella do brachyspira have?

A

6-10

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7
Q

Oxygen requirements for brachyspira

A

microaerophilic/anaerobic

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8
Q

How many periplsamic flagella do borrelia have?

A

15-20

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9
Q

Oxygen requirements of borrelia

A

microaerophilic

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10
Q

What type of staining is reccomended for leptospira?

A

does not stain well with gram stain
use Warthin Starry or Giemsa
view under darkfield

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11
Q

How are leptospira classified?

A

based on species name and serovar

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12
Q

How is leptospira transmitted?

A

shed in urine, uterine discharges/placental fluids
enter through broken skin and mucous membranes

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13
Q

Virulence factors of leptospira

A

flagella
hemolysins
adhesins
LPS

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14
Q

Clinical sings of leptospira in dogs

A

biphasic
leptospiremic phase
leptospiruric phase
acute hemorrhagic disease
uraemic type - kidney damage
ulcerative stomatitis

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15
Q

Clinical presentation of leptospira in cattle

A

abortion “storms”
infertility
sporatic abortions
milk drop syndrome
hemoglobinuria
jaundice
pyrexia

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16
Q

Clinical presentation of leptospira in pigs

A

infertility
aabortions
stillbirths

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17
Q

Clinical presentation of leptospira in horses

A

recurrent iridocyclitis
acute renal failure
abortions

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18
Q

Indirect method of diagnosing leptospira

A

microscopic agglutination test - gold standard
4-fold increase in antibody titer between acute and convalescent serum samples
ELISA

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19
Q

Direct methods of diagnosing leptospira

A

PCR
culture - heparinized blood, urine, CSF, kidneys

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20
Q

Culture requirements for leptospira

A

grow at 30C
require Tween 80, bovine serum albumin, B1 and B12, and 5-fluorouracil

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21
Q

What type of culture medium is used for leptospira?

A

EMJH
fletcher medium
korthoff
vervoort
noguchi
schuffer

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22
Q

How long does leptospira take to grow in culture?

A

3 months

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23
Q

Treatment of leptospira in dogs

A

penicillin G
doxycycline

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24
Q

Treatment of leptospira in horses

A

penicillin
tetracyclines
aminoglycosides

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25
Q

Treatment of leptospira in livestock

A

tetraycline
oxytetracycline
erythromycin
tiamulin
tylosin
centiofur - reduce shedding

26
Q

Which species are there leptospira vaccines available for?

A

dogs
cattle
pigs
livestock in New Zealand

27
Q

Prevention and control of leptospira

A

do not allow pets to drink water from stagnant drains/streams or have contact with reservoirs of infection

28
Q

Describe the general appearance of Borrelia

A

longer and wider than other species
helical shape
linear chromsome
linear and circular plasmids

29
Q

How is Borrelia transmitted?

A

via arthropod vectors

30
Q

Is borrelia intracellular or extracellular pathogen?

A

obligate parasite

31
Q

What is the causative agent of Lyme disease?

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

32
Q

What is the causative agent of avian spirochaetosis?

A

Borrelia anserina

33
Q

What is the causative agent of tick spirochaetosis?

A

Borrelia theileri

34
Q

Where is Lyme disease endemic?

A

North America, Europe, Asia

35
Q

Virulence factors of Borrelia burgdorferi

A

Osp A
adhere to gut
osp C
resist compliment mediated killing by binding a complement-inactivating component of saliva

36
Q

Clinical signs of Lyme Disease in dogs

A

inappetence
fever
polyarthritis
shifting lameness
kidney damage
herat disorders
neurological signs

37
Q

Clinical signs of Lyme Disease in cats

A

asymptomatic
inappetence
fever
lameness, stiffness and swelling of joints
difficulty breathing
blindness

38
Q

Clinical signs of Lyme Disease in cattle

A

clinically silent
fever, laminitis, a/o weight loss
lameness
skin rash on udder
arthritis

39
Q

Clincal signs of lyme disease in horses

A

mild fever
lameness/stiff joints
laminitis
depression
loss of appetite
blindess/partial loss of vision
abortion
neurological signs
encephalitis

40
Q

Diagnosis of Lyme Disease

A

IFA
ELISA
giemsa stain, FA, darkfield
PCR

41
Q

Treatment of Lyme Disease

A

4 weeks doxycycline/tetracycline

42
Q

Prevention and control of Lyme Disease

A

tick control
vaccination

43
Q

Transmission of borrelia anserina

A

fowl tick

44
Q

Distribution of borrelia anserina

A

tropical and subtropical
sporadic outbreaks

45
Q

Affected species of borrelia anserina

A

chickens, ducks, turkeys and geese

46
Q

Clinical signs of borrelia anserina

A

fever
depression
cyanosis
greenish diarrhea
later stages: paralysis and anemia

47
Q

Diagnosis of Borrelia anserina

A

demonstration of the organism in the buffu coat using darkfield microscopt or immunofluorescence
giemsa or silver stains
isolation in embryonated eggs
PCR

48
Q

Treatment and control of Borrelia anserina

A

antibiotics
isolation
tick removal and control
vaccination

49
Q

Brachyspira general characteristics

A

anaerobic inestinal bacteria in pigs - can survive in moist feces for about 2 months

50
Q

How is brachyspira hyodysenteriae transmitted?

A

fecal-oral route

51
Q

Vectors of brachysoira hyodysenteriae

A

dogs
rats
mice
flies

52
Q

Causative agent of swine dysentery

A

B. hyodysenteriae

53
Q

Causative agent of porcine intestinal spirochaetosis

A

B. pilosicoli

54
Q

Causative agent of porcine spirochaetal colitis

A

B. intermedia

55
Q

Clinical signs of B. hyodysenteriae

A

weaned pigs 6-12 weeks old
decreased appetite/increased thirst
emaciation/loss of condition
profuse muco-hemorrhagic diarrhea

56
Q

Virulence factors of B. hyodysenteriae

A

motility
chemotactic
LPS
hemolysins
NADH oxidase

57
Q

Pathogenesis of B. hyodysenteriae

A

colonic goblet cell invasion
hemolysins and cytotoxins
dehydration and acidiosis

58
Q

Diagnosis of B. hyodysenteriae

A

darkfield microscopy of abnormal mucosa or fecal swabs
culture
PCR
immunofluorescence
ELISA

59
Q

Culture of B. hyodysenteriae

A

blood agar with antibiotics incubated at 42C anerobically
complete hemolysis around colonies

60
Q

Treatment and control of B. hyodysenteriae

A

improve sanitation and hygiene
medicate drinking water with tiamulin, linocmycin and nitroimidazoles
alter diet
depopulation
rodent control
vaccination

61
Q

Disease caused by trponema spp

A

bovine digital dermatitis
contagious digital dermatitis
rabbit syphilis/vent disease

Bacteriology (26 decks)

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