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302 MEDIMAGE > 1b. Head HAL - Worksheet > Flashcards

1b. Head HAL - Worksheet Flashcards

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1
Q

the brain and spinal cord are surrounded by what

A

meninges

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2
Q

what doe the meninges do
what is their function

2 function

A

3 layers help anchor and protect the brain and spinal nerves

house important vessels and CSF to supply brain with nutrients and remove waste

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3
Q

what are the 3 meninges layers inner and outermost

A

dura - outer
arachnoid
pia - inner

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4
Q

what is the dura mater - what is its appearance

A

thick and dense membrane

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5
Q

what are the 2 parts that make up the dura mater

A

outer periosteal layer and inner meningeal layer

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6
Q

what lies between the outer periosteal layer and inner meningeal layer of the dura mater

A

dural venous sinuses

4 of them

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7
Q

what is between the periosteal layer and bone of the dura mater

A

extradural space

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8
Q

what is the arachnoid maters appearance

A

very thin layer deep to dura

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9
Q

how is the arachnoid mater connected to the pia mater

A

suspended by attached to pia mater by delicate connective tissue trabeculae

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10
Q

what is the space between the pia and arachnoid mater

A

subarachnoid space

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11
Q

what does the subarachnoid space hold

A

CSF and cerebral blood vessels supplying the brain tissue

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12
Q

what is a feature of the arachnoid mater

A

arachnoid granulations

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13
Q

where do the arachnoid granulations protrude

A

into the dural venous sinus

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14
Q

what is the appearance of the pia mater and what is it attached to

A

thin, almost imperceptible layer

adherent to and inseparable from the brain and spinal cord tissue

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15
Q

what are the major causes of extradural hemorrhage/hematoma within the skull

A

meningeal artery rupture from trauma

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16
Q

what are the major causes of subdural hemorrhage/hematoma within the skull

A

communicating vein rupture from trauma

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17
Q

what are the major causes of arachnoid hemorrhage/hematoma within the skull

A

cerebral artery rupture (aneurysm)

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18
Q

where do extradural hemorrhage/hematoma occur within the skull

A

between periosteal dura and bone

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19
Q

where do subdural hemorrhage/hematoma occur within the skull

A

within meningeal dura layer

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20
Q

where do sub arachnoid hemorrhage/hematoma occur within the skull

A

between arachnoid and pia

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21
Q

what types of vessels are involved in extradural, subdural and sub arachnoid hemorrhage/hematoma

A

extradural & subarachnoid = artery

subdural = vein

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22
Q

which of the extradural, subdural and sub arachnoid hemorrhage/hematoma is the worst and why

A 
least = subdural
mid = extradural
worst = sub arachnoid

arteries worse than veins, deeper worse than superficial

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23
Q

where do the CSF originate from

A

in the walls of ventricles

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24
Q

where is CSF located

A

in subarachnoid space surrounding the outside of the brain and spinal cord

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25
what are the 4 ventricles in the brain
2 lateral, 3rd and 4th ventricles
26
what is the shape of the lateral ventricles
bilateral C shaped spaces
27
where is the lateral ventricles located in relation to the structures around it
inferior to corpus callosum loop over, behind and under the thalamus on each side
28
what does the 3rd ventricle look like and where is it located
irregularly shaped space that connects 2 lateral ventricles positioned in midline between the 2 thalami
29
what does the 4th ventricle look like
diamond shaped cavity
30
where is the 4th ventricle located
in midline between the pons and cerebellum
31
what connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles
by cerebral aqueduct
32
how can you use the ventricles to identify brain pathologies such as haemorrhage or space occupying lesions
asymmetry/loss of expected fluid filled space due to compression of haemorrhage as fluid is squeezed out by pressure of injury
33
the arteries supplying the brain originate from where and ascend in how many pathways
originate from aortic arch vessels 2 pathways
34
what are the 2 pathways that the arteries supplying the brain ascend the neck
from the common carotid artery on each side from the subclavian artery on each side
35
where does the internal carotid artery enter the base of skull and where does it reemerge from
via carotid canal and reemerges through the foramen lacerum
36
what vessel that supplies the brain is given off the common carotid
internal carotid artery
37
what vessel that supplies the brain is given off the subclavian artery
vertebral artery
38
the vertebral artery ascends in where
ascends in the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae
39
the vertebral artery unites with its counterpart to form what vessel
basilar artery
40
the basilar artery enter the skull through what
foramen magnum
41
which 2 vessels unit to form the anatomic ring at the base of the brain what is the ring of vessels also known as
internal carotids and basilar artery aka: circle of willis
42
what 3 major cerebral arteries supplying the brain arises from the circle of willis
anterior, middle and posterior cerebral artery
43
which lobe does the anterior cerebral arteries head toward
frontal lobe
44
which lobe does the middle cerebral arteries head toward
temporal lobe
45
which lobe does the posterior cerebral arteries head toward
occipital lobe
46
which meningeal space are the cerebral arteries located in and what effect might a ruptured cerebral artery aneurysm have
subarachnoid space rupture will cause subarachnoid haemorrhage/haematomo
47
describe the path of artery vessels from the aortic arch to the brain on the left side what is the difference from the right side of the arteries path
aortic arch -> Left subclavia and Left common carotid artery subclavian -> vertebral artery -> basilar artery -> circle of willis common carotid artery -> internal and external carotid arteries -> circle of willis right side has a braciocephalic trunk from the aortic arch that divides into the subclavian and the common carotid artery
48
the middle meningeal artery enters the skull from which feature
foramen magnum
49
what injury type would put the middle meningeal artery at risk and what consequence would it have
trauma to skull eg blow to head consequence = extradural haemorrhage
50
the smaller veins in the skull collect into what structures
large dural venous sinuses
51
what layers does the dural venous sinuses lie between
periosteal layer and meningeal layer of the dura mater
52
the dural venous sinuses are/arent interconnected and end at what feature
are interconnected end at the jugular foramen
53
the internal jugular vein of the neck is formed where
at the jugular foramen
54
what are the 5 main dural venous sinuses which are paired and which arent
unpaired: superior sagittal sinus inferior sagittal sinus paired: cavernous sinus transverse sinus sigmoid sinus
55
where can the superior sagittal sinus be found
midline roof of the skull
56
where can the inferior sagittal sinus be found
base of falx cerebri
57
where can the transverse sinus be found
horizontal path along occipitals
58
where can the sigmoid sinus be found
s shaped and ending in the jugular foramen
59
what sort of injury might occur by tearing one of the small cerebral veins connecting through to a sinus
subdural haemorrhage
60
where is the cavernous sinus located
either side of the sella turcica
61
the cavernous sinus has key relations to what 5 structures
``` optic chiasm pituitary gland sphenoid sinus internal carotid arteries cranial nerves ```
62
what is clinically significant about the fact that the cavernous sinus is connected to the veins of the face
infections in the face can track back into and spread in the brain
63
what might you see on an axial cross section image of someone with an inflammed sinus on one side
asymmetry - lack of air space as inflammed tissue and fluid fills cavity space
64
what key feature of the middle cranial fossa does the sphenoid sinus sit inferior to
sella turcica/pituitary
65
the sphenoid sinus can be used surgically to access what part of the brain that is located in the sella turcica
pituitary gland
66
what are the folds and grooves called in the brain what do they do for the brain
``` grooves = sulci folds = gyri ``` increase surface area to increase neural capacity
67
what issues are there wil differentiating the lobes of the brain from each other
brain tissues are a continuum so not many definable landmarks
68
what cranial fossa is the temporal lobe in
middle
69
what cranial fossa is the cerebellum located in
posterior
70
where does the brain stem exit the cranium
through foramen magnum
71
what 2 structures sits inferior to the cerebrum
cerebellum and brain stem
72
what are the 3 parts of the brain stem from top to bottom
mid brain, pons and medulla oblongata
73
what plane can we see the thalamus and hypothalamus
mid sagittal
74
the thalamus is what kind of structural appearance and is located where in relation to the lateral ventricles
bilateral ovoid structures thalamus located infero-lateral to the CSF filled lateral ventricles
75
what does the thalamus do
relay signals between the body and rest of brain
76
what is the basal ganglia's position relative to the thalamus
antero-lateral to thalamus
77
what does the hypothalamus do
hormone regulation
78
what is at the base of the hypothalamus
pituitary gland
79
what is the optic chiasm appearance
2 optic nerves emerge from the optic canals at the top of the X shape
80
what effects might you see in a patient with a suspected pituitary gland tumor
visual defects/disturbance could be both or one side
81
what does the pineal gland do
controls circadian rhythm
82
where is the pineal gland located
midline posteriorly between the 2 thalami
83
what can happen to the pineal gland and what does this look like on the xray images
can become calcified and looks like a white spot in xrays
84
what is the corpus callosum
arching bridge of myelinated white matter tracts connects left and right hemispheres of the brain, allowing the 2 hemispheres to communicate and coordinate

302 MEDIMAGE (20 decks)

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