7b. Spine HAL - Worksheet

Question 1

the transverse foramina allows what to pass through them

Answer 1

vertebral artery

Question 2

how many intervertebral disks are there in the C spine

where are the disks located

Answer 2

6

C1/2 doesnt exist but C7/T1 does

Question 3

the uncinate processes form what joints

Answer 3

uncovertebral joints

Question 4

are there uncovertebral joints in all areas of the spine

Answer 4

no only in C spine

Question 5

how does the uncovertebral joints differ to the intervertebral joints in appearance and why

Answer 5

uncovertebral joints are synovial joints are cartilage and fluid

IV disk is a fibrocartilagenous symphysis type joint and have more fibrous material

Question 6

what feature does the axis have that the others dont

Answer 6

odontoid process/dens

Question 7

which part of the atlas does the dens articulate with

Answer 7

internal aspect of anterior arch

Question 8

what type of joint does the axis form with the atlas and what does this joint allow

Answer 8

synovial joint to allow movement

Question 9

what general shape is the atlas and how would you expect it to appear in coronal and sagittal views

Answer 9

ring shape

likely only to see 2 small portions of the ring when in coronal/sagittal

Question 10

what specific part of the skull does the atlas articulate with

Answer 10

condyles of occipital bone

Question 11

the larynx and pharynx lay where relative to the C spine in the neck

Answer 11

Larynx and pharynx lay immediately anterior to the C spine in the neck

Question 12

what are the larynx and pharynx filled with in life

Answer 12

air

Question 13

what is the hyoid bone made of and what can happen in older patients with this bone and thyroid cartilage

Answer 13

made of bone

laryngeal cartilage can ossify with age

Question 14

what structures run through the intervertebral foramina

Answer 14

spinal nerve roots

Question 15

what is the name give to the normal curvature of the thoracic spine

Answer 15

kyphosis

Question 16

what is scoliosis

Answer 16

lateral bending and twisting of spine and distortion of body cavities

Question 17

what features of the thoracic vertebrae form the zygapophyseal joints

Answer 17

superior articular process of vertebrae above and inferior articular processes of the vertebrae below

Question 18

what type of joint is a zygapophyseal joint

Answer 18

synovial

Question 19

which side of the thoracic spine does the thoracic aorta lie on

Answer 19

left

Question 20

the azygous vein is located where in relation to the aorta and right main bronchus

Answer 20

runs parallel to the aorta along the vertebra and arches over the right main bronchus at the T4/5 transthoracic plane

Question 21

what does the azygous vein drain into

Answer 21

SVC

Question 22

what is the relationship of the oesophagus and the thoracic aorta as they descend into the thorax

Answer 22

esophagus starts in midline but then moves over the left side passing anterior to the aorta which moves right to become a more midline structure in the abdomen

Question 23

what is the erector spinaes function

Answer 23

extension of the spine and maintenance of posture

Question 24

where is the erector spinaes located

Answer 24

occupies gutters between the transverse and spinous process

Question 25

what features of the lumbar vertebrae have that the other types dont

Answer 25

not really any, many key features are shared by lower thoracic like large broad spinous processes and short transverse processes unlike thoracic vert L vert have no ribs attaching

Question 26

what lumbar vert do you expect to see first when scrolling from ant to post in a coronal view and why

Answer 26

L3/4

Question 27

what vertebral ffeature do you expect to come across first when scrolling left to right in sagittal view

Answer 27

transverse process

Question 28

if you can see lungs in the slice with vert what vert is it likely to be

Answer 28

Thoracic

Question 29

what passes through the intervertebral foramina

Answer 29

spinal nerve root

Question 30

what symptoms would you see in patient if the lumbar foramina became occluded

Answer 30

sensory/motor disturbances in lower limb, pelvis/genitals or back

Question 31

in a healthy spine are there any differences between the T12/l1 disc to the L3/4 or L5/S1 disc that might affect how you view then on cross section

Answer 31

T12/L1 dissc angles up a bit and L3/4 is relatively flat, L5/S1 angles downwards angulation will provide only partial view in axial views

Question 32

what structure runs down the surface of the psoas muscle to the pelvis that you might be clinically important to scan through

Answer 32

ureters looking for kidney stones

Question 33

what is the difference in abdominal aorta and IVC in terms of bifurcation

Answer 33

aorta bifurcates earlier at L4 and IVC bifurcates at L5

Question 34

what is the first section of the nerves emerging from the spinal cord

Answer 34

spinal nerves/roots

Question 35

what part of the spine would be assessed if suspected a spinal nerve injury

Answer 35

intervert foramina

Question 36

what modality would be optimal for assessing spinal nerve health and why

Answer 36

looking at bone pathology = CT | looking at nerve detail and inflammation markers = MRI

Question 37

what vertebrae levels are involved in the cervical plexus and what is the regions it covers

Answer 37

C1-4 neck and head

Question 38

what vertebrae levels are involved in the brachial plexus and what is the regions it covers

Answer 38

C5-T1 upper limb/shoulder

Question 39

what vertebrae levels are involved in the lumbar plexus and what is the regions it covers

Answer 39

T12/L1 - L4 lower limb

Question 40

what vertebrae levels are involved in the sacral plexus and what is the regions it covers

Answer 40

L4-S4 pelvis, perineum, lower limb

Question 41

the 3 major branches of the aortic arch becomes which 4 major branches

Answer 41

subclavian arteries x 2 common carotid arteries x 2

Question 42

what is the subclavian arterys path and what does it supply

Answer 42

pass laterally over the 1st rib to supply the upperlimb

Question 43

what is the common carotid arterys path and what does it supply

Answer 43

passing vertically to supply head and neck

Question 44

the CCA bifurcate as it travels where and what does it form

Answer 44

as it ascends the neck forms the external and internal carotid arteries

Question 45

what does the ICA supply

Answer 45

enter skull to supply brain and eye

Question 46

what does the ECA supply

Answer 46

supply face predominantly

Question 47

what artery supplies the brain with the ICA and what do they form

Answer 47

basilar artery forms circle of willis

Question 48

the basilar artery is formed by what 2 arteries and what do these arteries arise from

Answer 48

by vertebral arteries that arise from the subclavian artery

Question 49

what is the course of the vertebral arteries as they travel to form the basilar artery

Answer 49

ascend the neck within transverse foramina of Cervical vertebrae (enters C6 not C7) hook a 90 degree bend and pass superiorly over the posterior arch of C1 and pass up through the foramen magnum to then form the basilar arteries

Question 50

what is the vein that accompanies the CCA and ICA

Answer 50

IJV