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302 MEDIMAGE > 5c. Abdominal Pathologies > Flashcards

5c. Abdominal Pathologies Flashcards

1
Q

what do renal cysts look like in US

A

look like round collections of fluid in US

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2
Q

are renal cysts malignant

A

most are harmless

however, can lead to renal failure as the renal tissues get replaced with cystic material

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3
Q

what is the renal tumor look like when enhanced with CM

A

heterogenously enhancing

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4
Q

what is a shattered kidney

A

still blood supply going to kidney but doesnt mean that it is salvageable

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5
Q

what is a renal trauma avulsion in terms of what the image looks like

A

kidney has blood supply cut off and there will be no contrast in it at all

bleed into retroperitoneal space

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6
Q

what are the 2 types of renal masses

A

cysts and tumors

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7
Q

what are the 2 types of renal trauma injuries

A

shattered and avulsion kidney

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8
Q

what are the 2 types of congenital renal conditions

A

horseshoe kidney and renal agenesis

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9
Q

what is a duplex system in the renal system

A

double ureter

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10
Q

what does a horseshoe kidney look like

A

2 kidneys attached at the inferior pole

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11
Q

what does a renal agenesis look like

A

missing a kidney

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12
Q

what are the 3 most common primaries for liver metastases

A

breast
colon
rectum

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13
Q

how many liver metastases can there be

A

single or multiple

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14
Q

what determines the resectability of liver metastases

A

site and size

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15
Q

what is hepatocellular carcinoma associated with

A

liver inflammation

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16
Q

what are 4 common causes of Primary tumor HCC

A

liver alcoholic cirrhosis
hep B and C
diabetes
obesity

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17
Q

what are the 3 kinds of malignant liver tumors

A

hepatocellular carcinoma and metastases

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18
Q

what are 3 types of benign liver tumors

A

hemangiomas
focal nodular hyperplasia
hepatocellular adenomas

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19
Q

what are hemangiomas

A

benign liver tumor

masses of abnormal blood vessels

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20
Q

what do hemangiomas look like on US

A

bright

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21
Q

what is alcoholic liver disease cirrhosis

A

nodular replacement of tissues and liver becomes stiff

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22
Q

what is MR elastography used for

A

to see how stiff the liver is in cases such as alcoholic liver fibrosis/cirrhosis

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23
Q

what are the 2 types of liver lesions

A

abscesses and hydatid cysts

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24
Q

what are hydatid cysts

A

parasitic tapeworms that grow in the liver and the cyst is filled with cystic form of the parasite

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25
are hydatid cysts harmful
its not harmful unless it ruptures and then the parasite can spread everywhere mostly space occupying and can push structures
26
what are the 4 most common primaries for adrenal metastases
lung colorectal breast pancreatic
27
how does US detect gall stones
Probe sends ultrasounds to tissue in skin and when waves hit surface, it gets refracted back into probe, some hit probe and make image, others hit other structures and then get reflected back into the probe US wave hits gall stones and gets hit back to probe stones very white as all the signal is getting reflected back, no signal beyond stones as the stones takes up all the signal - acoustic shadowing
28
what is cholecystitis
increased gall bladder wall thickness from edema and inflammatory change
29
what is associated with cholecystitis that you can see on a image
mucky fat around the gall bladder as the fat itself is edematous with water due to inflammation
30
what can happen if cholecystitis gall bladder bursts
bile can get into peritoneal cavity and can lead to huge inflammatory reaction and potential obstruction in small bowel
31
what is a MRI cholangiogram used for
to detect cause of bile duct obstruction such as stones or tumors and also look for filling defects and dilated ducts
32
what is the presentation stage and prognosis of pancreatic tumors
poor prognosis and late presentation
33
what does the patient present with symptomatically when they have pancreatic tumor
pain or obstruction of bile ducts
34
for a pancreatic tumor when what area does the tumor have to be in for it to affect its function why
in the head as it will obstruct bile ducts and pancreatic duct if in tail or body its not affecting its function that much
35
why does pancreatic tumors in the head of pancreas cause jaundice
as gall bladder cant drain and obstructs flow of bile out of patient that gets backed up in skin
36
how do you know if the structure is a renal vein or artery
Renal vein as its straight and not tortuous like artery, loops over the aorta to join the IVC on the side
37
what is acute pancreatitis
sudden inflammation of the pancreas
38
what are the 4 causes of acute pancreatitis
gall stone impacted in common bile duct beyod point where pancreatic duct joints CBD heavy alcohol use trauma mumps
39
what is seen on a CT image for acute pancreatitis
enlarged pancreas and mucky fat in subcutaneous tissues
40
what is seen in CT of chronic pancreatitis
extensive calcification in pancreas
41
what is splenomegaly
enlargement of spleen
42
what is the largest dimension that the spleen should be
less than 11cm
43
what is the cause of splenomegaly
response to hyperfunction such as raised red cell turnover Spleen gets big if overworked if increased red cell turnover like sickle cell and haematosis
44
why does splenomegaly lead to portal hypertension
when high pressure in liver so blood cant flow through liver and finds alternate route back to heart eg via oesophageal varices and pressure in blood vessels can expand the spleen
45
what does it mean when splenomegaly is caused by infiltration by leukemia/lymphomas
common cause as massive production of white cells abnormal so fills spleen
46
what is lymphadenopathy
enlarged lymph nodes
47
why does lymphadenopathy occur
lymph nodes drain lymph from gut and genitalia
48
what does lymphadenopathy look like on a CT
Should be nothing else in area of IVC and aorta like the 4 lumps around in the image is not normal
49
what are aortic aneurysms
focal dilation of aorta and enlargement
50
what is the max diameter of aortas and what happens if its beyond this number
4cm max otherwise it is at risk of rupturing and if ruptured can bleed into body cavities and bleed out
51
what can you see on a CT image for aortic aneurysms
enlargement and thickening of some aspects of the aortic wall
52
what is an aortic dissection
false and true lumens in the aorta
53
for peptic ulcer what is seen around the pit where stomach acid is eating away the wall in a image
oedema around pit
54
what happens if there is a perforation of the stomach due to peptic ulcer
Small perforation could lead to liquids spreading to surface of peritoneum and set up inflammatory reaction could lead to peritonitis and infection Perforation of bowels is that the contents have lots of bacteria so if it spreads, can spread peritonitis and infection If you survive acute event, reaction of peritoneum makes it very sticky and sticks together and at risk of obstruction
55
what is gastric cancer associated with - 6 things
``` smoked and salted foods heliobacteria pylori pernicious anemia smoking family hx of gastric cancer stomach polyps ```
56
what can be seen in the image when there is gastric cancer
focal thickening of the gastric wall
57
what is chrons disease and where does it normally occur
small intestine more than large intestine inflammatory bowel disease
58
what can be seen in the image for chrons disease
thickening of bowel wall and fat around bowel loops not dark due to oedema
59
what is ulcerative colitis and what does it affect
large intestine more than small intestine inflammatory bowel disease
60
what can be seen in the image for ulcerative colitis
thickening of bowel wall and can result in toxic megacolon and rupture
61
why does ulcerative colitis cause dilated loops of bowel
bacteria in faeces generates faeces and muscles are flaccid so gas doesn’t go anywhere and can perforate Faeces in colon can spread in peritoneal cavity -> septic shock
62
what can you see in appendicitis image
enlarged and filling defect stranding in fat suggests inflammation
63
what are colonic polyps and what do they look like on an image
growths on the surface of colon and are usually asymptomatic filling defect
64
what can be the symptoms of colonic polyps
blood in stool or rectal bleeding
65
what can happen to colonic polyps
can progress to cancer
66
what is colonic tumor associated with and what does it present with
associated with poor diet presents with bleeding or obstruction
67
what does colonic tumor look like in an image
apple core channel in middle of tumor which gets narrower and blocks off passage of faecal material from colon to most distal part
68
what are 3 things to look for as causes of bowel obstruction
hernias tumours intussusception
69
what should be the normal bowel diameter
less than or equal to 4cm
70
what does inflammation do to the small bowel that causes obstruction
inflammation causes small bowel to get stuck together and the kink formed in the bowel causes obstruction
71
what is the distribution of bowel loops in small bowel obstruction
central
72
what is the distribution of bowel loops in large bowel obstruction
peripheral
73
what happens in sigmoid volvulus
As you get older the sigmoid colon gets longer and if it twist on pedicle, obstruct blood supply to loop of bowel so bacteria causes gas to build up and increase risk of perforation = coffee bean sign
74
what are the 4 causes of bowel perforation
trauma tumor inflammation ischaemia
75
what are the 3 signs of free gas in bowel perforation
outside bowel wall around falciform ligament in retroperitoneum
76
what is a sign on the image that there is a bowel perforation
both sides of bowel wall seen as there is air on both sides of the bowel wall

302 MEDIMAGE (20 decks)

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