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302 MEDIMAGE > 6c. Pelvis Pathologies > Flashcards

6c. Pelvis Pathologies Flashcards

1
Q

where in the body is most susceptible to metastases and hy

A

skull, vertebra and pelvis bones

as metastases occur in bones with high blood supply such as bone marrow

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2
Q

how many metastases can there be

A

single or multiple

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3
Q

what are the 2 types of metastases

A

osteolytic or sclerotic/blastic

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4
Q

which type of metastases are more common

A

lytic

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5
Q

what are the primaries of osteolytic metastases

4 things

A

multiple myeloma, renal cell, melanoma, thyroid

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6
Q

what can be seen on images with osteolytic metastases

A

destroys bone so there will be area of lucency

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7
Q

what can be seen on images with osteoblastic metastases

A

bone becomes more dense so there will be altered texture in the bone texture such as moth eaten appearance

brighter as bone is replaced by denser tumor

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8
Q

what are the 4 primaries for sclerotic metastases

A

prostate
colon
stomach
lymphoma

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9
Q

if there were extensive metastases what would be the differences in outcome for the bone condition if it was lytic vs if it was blastic

A

If they were lytic the bone would fall apart but as they are blastic the bones don’t disintegrate and extra material makes them relatively tough

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10
Q

what is the difference between blastic and sclerotic metastases

A

blastic is building up bone and sclerotic is what it looks like once its built up

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11
Q

what will metastases look like on vertebral MRI T2

A

metastases bright on T2 as often have higher water content

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12
Q

what is the mechanism commonly for pelvic fractures

A

high energy blunt trauma

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13
Q

what is the mortality rate for pelvic #

A

high mortality

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14
Q

what is an unstable pelvic #

A

if the ring structure is disrupted due to 2 sites of # and seperation

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15
Q

what are the 2 types of pelvic fractures

A

unilateral or bilateral

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16
Q

pelvic # multiple trauma is usually image using what modality

A

CT

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17
Q

how does the pelvis ring structure affect the sites of injury

A

there are always 2 sites of # or separation

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18
Q

what is an open book # of the pelvis

A

symphysis pubis diastasis or fracture of pubic rami and disruption of the SI joints

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19
Q

what is the mechanism for a open book # of the pelvis

A

antero-posterior compression injury to pelvis

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20
Q

what vessels give off the retinacular arteries

A

medial and lateral circumflex artery

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21
Q

what artery supplies the head of femur

A

retinacular

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22
Q

what are the 4 types of femur fractures

A

subcapital
trasncervical neck
intertrochanteric
subtrochanteric

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23
Q

what are the 2 types of femur fractures that could compromise the blood supply

A

subcapital and transcervical

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24
Q

what can be measured to tell the age of the growing fetus

A

foetal pole

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25
what is the jelly used for in US
stops artifacts by getting rid of air
26
what is placenta previa
placenta lies too far down and when it cover the cervix the baby can have trouble being born as it has to push the placenta out of the way so mum and baby can die or placenta is delivered first and baby becomes hypoxic/brain damage
27
what are fibroids in the uterus
benign focal growth of uterine wall
28
can uterus fibroids become cancers
no
29
are uterus fibroids symptomatic
most are asymptomatic
30
what do uterus fibroids cause
heavy bleeding, pelvic pain and frequent micturition
31
uterus fibroids project into where
into the lumen of the uterus
32
what are ectopic pregnancy
embryo implantation outside of the endometrial cavity
33
where is the most common area for an ectopic pregnancy
fallopian tube
34
what are the consequences of untreated ectopic pregnancies
profound hemorrhages which may be fatal without surgery
35
what are the symptoms and signs of ectopic pregnancies 6 signs
``` abdominal pain vaginal bleeding missed period hypotension shock tachycardia ```
36
what modality is used to evaluate ectopic pregnancies
transvaginal ultrasound
37
what is a sign on the image to tell if there is an ectopic pregnancy
endometrial thickening no intrauterine pregnancy complex mass outside of uterus
38
what are symptoms of cervical cancer
abnormal vaginal bleeding
39
what are the 2 components of cervical cancer and what is the distribution
80% squamous cell carcinoma | 15% adenocarcinoma
40
what 3 things is cervical cancer associated with
HPV early sexual activity smoking
41
what is the radiological sign of cervical cancer
mass obstructed uterus is grossly distended as menstrual fluid blocked
42
what are ovarian cysts associated with and what do they look like
functional associated with menstrual cycle can become large and rupture
43
are ovarian cyst symptomatic and do they remain forever
often asymptomatic and disappear without treatment
44
what are the 3 other types of ovarian cysts
dermoid cysts/tertomas cystadenomas enodmetriomas
45
what do dermoid cysts contain
tissue such as hair, skin and teeth
46
are dermoid cysts dangerous
rarely become malignant
47
what are cystadenomas filled with
mucous material
48
where do cystadenomas develop
on ovary surface
49
what is endometriomas and where do they grow
uterine endometrial cells grow outside uterus
50
what happens if cystic fluid rupture
pain
51
what are polycystic ovaries characterised by
development of multiple cysts in the ovaries
52
what are the effects of PCOS
range of hormonal and metabolic effects common cause of infertility
53
what is the radiological signs for PCOS
appearance of many follicles in the ovaries as seen by IS or MRI looks like a bunch of grapes
54
ovarian cancer increases in women who have what
ovulated more over their lifetime
55
what is the most common of the 5 subtypes of ovarian cancer
serous carcinoma
56
what is the appearance of ovarian cancer
heterogenous pelvic masses
57
what is seen in CT for appendicitis
appendiceal thickening outer wall to outer wall transverse diameter >6mm
58
what soft tissue sign is indicative of appendicitis
stranding of fat
59
what is the appearance of a rectal tumor
thickening of rectal wall or mass
60
what can rectal tumors cause
obstruct, perforate or cause fistula with adjacent structure
61
what are bladder calculi
radiopaque calculi in bladder
62
what is calculi in bladder associated with
poor bladder emptying post micturition
63
what is bladder calculi associated with in terms of cancer
associated with squamous carcinoma of bladder
64
what can calculi do
bleed in pee as stones get caught into proximal urethra and blocks exit
65
what does bladder tumor often present with
hematuria and when treatable
66
what is bladder tumor associated with
chronic irritation
67
what are 2 common types of bladder cancer
transitional cell | squamous cell
68
what does prostate gland produce
seminal fluid
69
where does benign hypertrophy occur in
transition zone
70
what 4 things does benign hypertrophy present with
nocturia, poor stream, hesitancy and frequency
71
what can benign hypertrophy lead to
infections and obstructive renal failure
72
what happens to the prostate in benign hypertrophy and what area of prostate does it occur with
transitional zone enlarged prostate
73
what is the treatment for benign hypertrophy
removing prostate gland or gouge out part of urethra in transition zones
74
what does benign hypertrophy lead to
infections and obstructive renal failure
75
what can prostate tumor do
spreads to lymph nodes, bone
76
where does the majority of prostate tumors arise from in the prostate
peripheral zone

302 MEDIMAGE (20 decks)

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